• "It remains essentially a wild cave, with some modest infrastructure for its use as an 'adventure cave', although DOC does not currently run tours there - it is an 'open access' cave." Baird, Rawhiti Cave
• In the Kosciuszko KAMP, the zoning system first proposed by Worboys has been simplified to a 5-level-system: reference cave (ie, for approved scientific studies); limited access cave (open to speleological groups meeting specified requirements and holding a permit)..., adventure cave (open to the public on guided tours)...Brush, Sustainable use 3

• "A number of show caves around the world have now extended their activities to include adventure caving in some form." Crane, Cave 195
• "Norwest Adventures have been operating an adventure caving activity in this cave for several years." Carden, The Race through the cave 

• "In addition to rockshelters, boulder caves, tectonic caves and carbonate karst caves developed in marble and dolomitie four distinct types of caves, Tunnel Caves, Block Breakdown Caves, Arch Caves and Network Caves have been recognized in Proterozoic gneiss and Cambrian granite in Sri Lanka." Armstrong, Sri Lankan Gneiss and Granite Caves 280
• "Arch caves are large chambers with a triangle shaped plan and cross-section, their shape and volume makes them ideal for use as temples and habitation sites." Armstrong, Sri Lankan Gneiss and Granite Caves 282

• Fingals Cave, the world's most famous basalt cave, is to be found on the island of Staffa in the Inner Hebrides, off the west coast of Scotland." Mills, Fingals Cave 163
• "Small as it is, Israel has a surprising abundance of cave varieties - from limestone caves, salt caves (in Mt. Sodom), marl piping caves and basalt caves (Jubas) to historical mad-made living and hideout caves, mostly common in the Lashish area (central south-east)." TEAM ICPM Israel 2023, 3

• "After 100 ft, one enters a very low wet bedding cave." Tratham, NW-Clare 17
• "Roof solution, particularly up cross joints, is usually a prominent feature, and the passages commonly have a sub-circular cross section up to 8m in diameter unless influenced by the local geology where they may form high rifts or wide bedding caves." Waltham, North-West England 82
• "At Long Shui a 50 m long bedding cave is entered at a depth of 25 m, and at Neng Gu, behind an ornate pump house, a large phreatic tunnel stands 20 m above the water level." Waltham, China Caves '85 p 36

• "Ogof Craig-A-Ffynnon...Beyond is 800ft of bedding plane cave and a long phreatic tunnel ending in a three dimenional maze of passages." Stratford, South Wales 21
• "A heavy duty ladder eased in January 2015 to descend down into what looks like a closed depression which contains not only a lateral undercut or bedding plane cave but also coal workings." Gebauer, Lumshnong 15

• "Subcrustal lava blister caves (lava blisters). These caves developed beneath the solidifying viscoelastic lava crust, mainly in basaltic lava due to the accumulation and pneumatic expansion of released volcanic gases that could not overcome the litostatic pressure of consolidating lava." Bella, Volcanic pneumatogenic caves 17
• "Blister cave are low and relatively wide near-surface cavities (beneath slightly bulging lava crust) with an oval plan, usually about 1 m in diameter, sometimes larger." Bella, Volcanic pneumatogenic caves 17
• "An example of an exeptionallly large blister cave is the Abo Dome, in southern Idaho with 4-5 meters in diameter." Gadanyi, Caves under uplifted surface 124

• "In addition to rockshelters, boulder caves, tectonic caves and carbonate karst caves developed in marble and dolomitie four distinct types of caves, Tunnel Caves, Block Breakdown Caves, Arch Caves and Network Caves have been recognized in Proterozoic gneiss and Cambrian granite in Sri Lanka." Armstrong, Sri Lankan Gneiss and Granite Caves 280
• "Block breakdown caves are among the larger caves so far investigated in Sri Lanka. They consist of chambers produced by the structurally guided breakdowns of gneiss." Armstrong, Sri Lankan Gneiss and Granite Caves 281

• "Bacon Hole...An important bone cave which has produced the remains of a variety of animals icluding Straight-tusked Elephant." Stratford, South Wales 74
• "Hain's papers on bone caves appeared in the Miscellanea of the Collegium Naturae Curiosum." Shaw, cave science 240
• "A further requisite (of the scientific excavation of a bone cave) is, the intersection of one of these cavities, in which there happen to be bones, by a third accident, viz the working of a stone quarry, by men who happen to have sufficient curiosity or intelligence to notice and speak of what they find, and this to persons who also happen to be willing or able to appreciate and give publicity to the discovery." William Buckland, Reliuiae Diluvianae, London 1823, 98

• "An opening or recess in the earth which cannot be described as a 'void' - a rock shelter of cliff-side overhang - is not a cave, but if its darker pockets contain mineral formations typical of a "true cave", or provide habitat for organisms which populate caves, it may be described as a 'borderline cave.'" Crane, Cave 10

• "It is thus quite likely that the boulder caves are used by the viper as well." Steiner, Biospeleology southern Vietnam 59
• "Although a good part of the references are from boulder caves, many of the geckos nevertheless depend on these cave habitats." Steiner, Biospeleology southern Vietnam 60
• "In addition to rockshelters, boulder caves, tectonic caves and carbonate karst caves developed in marble and dolomitie four distinct types of caves, Tunnel Caves, Block Breakdown Caves, Arch Caves and Network Caves have been recognized in Proterozoic gneiss and Cambrian granite in Sri Lanka." Armstrong, Sri Lankan Gneiss and Granite Caves 280

• "They are branchwork caves, each with several stream passages joining underground." Frumkin, Sedom Salt Karst, Encyclopedia of Caves 
• "Several distinctive types of cave patterns are recognized. single-conduit caves, single-void caves, branchwork caves, and maze caves." Klimchouk, Caves 420

• "According to Christian tradition, Jesus was entombed in a burial cave belonging to Joseph of Arimathea prior to his resurrection." Crane, Cave 147
• "Some of the caves turned out to be of archeological and cultural interest and the team was able to survey some of the caves studied by Naga archeaologist Dr. Tiatoshy Jamir and the several clan-owned caves, in particular the burial cave of the Whourr-Merr Clan." Hapka, Coffin Caves 25

• "The autumn trees, ravaged as they are, take on the flash of tattered flags kindling in the gloom of cool cathedral caves where gold letters on marbe pages describe death in battle and how bones bleech and burn far away in Indian sands." Woolfe, Virginia (1927): To the Lighthouse, London

• "Speleology is defined in the Oxford Dictionary as 'the scientific study of caves." Shaw, cave science 1
• "Fingal's Cave...The cave has been the subject of numerous historical vistitation." Oldham, Scotland 54
• "There are, so ar, no winter observations reported of this cave, yet it wuld seem to be one which would well repay the trouble." Balch, Glacières 8
• "a permanently aphotic (lightless) subterranean space of natural origin; a natural hole in the ground, large enough for human entry." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 199
• "..is commonly applied to natural openings, usually in rocks, that are large enough for human entry. This definition is clearly anthropocentric, relies on the ambiguous criterion of accessability by man, has no genetic meaning, and is therefor non-scientific." Klimchouk, Caves 417

• "Sakana..The cave's bottom has low oxygen."  Langford, Laumanns, Israel 82
• "Hanit Cave...Vertical shafts descend from the spear area to the crystal area at the cave's bottom." TEAM ICPM Israel 2023, 17

• "The writing review, especially travel reports of the explorers, sailors and scientists indicate that with the years the caves' content was getting poorer as the artistic objects appeared to be a tasty morsel." Ciszewski, Easter Island 41
• "Even after the ceremonial transfer to Heyerdahl of one cave's contents, the former owner retained the cave itself "in case of war." Kiernan, Easter Island 88

• "It has a total length of 54 m to be added to the cave's length." Kempe, Galapagos 156
• "Kahf Al Shuwaymis...The date of this event is not recorded, nor is there any reference to the use of a compass, but Mr. Rashid's calculation of the cave's length comes quite close to the length of 530 m measured in a recent survey." Laumanns, Saudi Arabia 175

• "There are various suggestions for the origin of the cave's name." Oldham, Scotland 54
• "The Isallos-kö Cave's name refers to the livestock function, it means "stone stable." Laczi, Cave Archeologiy in Hungary 151
• "Rice Cave...The cave's name derives from the story of a defeated Emperor who retreated here to fight it out with his remaining men." Jennings, Karst in China 14

• "Barometric air measurements...indicate that less than 2% of the cave's volume is accounted for." Downey, Lechuguilla 21
• "The caves large volume supports the probability that cave-forming sulphuric acid originated mainly by oxidation of hydrogen sulfide from petroleum in the surrounding rocks." Davis, Uniqueness of Lechuguilla 426
• "Probably >90% of the cave's volume is due to glacial frost-shattering combined with human enlargement, thus gaining space for temporary storage and habitation." Malche, Kempe, Backofenlöcher 155

• "This is the problem that needs a solution instead of government control of cave access from outside the park." Caving International Interview with Peter Lindsley, CIM 12-1981, p 13
• "This paper draws on the author's experiences with cave access and management issues in Australia over the past half century." Brush, Sustainable use 1

• "..Macarochestia martini Stock (Macarorchestia being a new genus) - its only cave adaptation is the small eyes (Stock manuscript)." Borges, Azores 140
• "The troglobian ground beetle Thalassophilus aoricus Oromi & Borges, wihich is the only eyeless beetle known from the Azores and represents the most extreme case of cave adaptation in the archipelago, can only be found in this lava tube." Cavidades Vulcanicas Catalogo Azores

• "Perhaps most remarkable is the concentration of cave-adapted fish, which prompt two of the cave's alternative names, Cueva de la Sardina and Cueva de las Sardinas." Louise, D., Hose and James A. Pisarowicz, Cueva de Villa Luz 15
• "However, cave-adapted species could disperse between cave systems throughout the MSS ("Milieu souterrain siperfieciel" or "Mesovoid Shallow Substratum" senusu CULVER, 2001)." Borges, Pereira, Indicators of Conservation Value, p 109
• "The conservation of the rich Azorean cave-adapted fauna is urgent but the resources are not enough to protect all caves." Borges, Pereira, Indicators of Conservation Value, p 109

• "Evidence shows that cave air can reduce the severity of asthma for many people, but s the benefit worth the negative effect of radon?" O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 99
• "In November 1842, Mammoth Cave owner Dr. John Croghan brougth 15 tubercolosis patients to the cave with the hope of curing the disease with the constant temperature and purity of the cave air."Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 108 
• "Condensation corrosion occurs when cold air flows into caves and encounters the warmer wet cave air, or when hot wet air cools as it comes into contact with a cold surface." Ellis, Wombeyan 42

• "Even non-fiction books about cave animals other than bats are scarce." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 31
• "Cave animals have been subject of study since the middle of the nineteenth century in Europe and China, although the formal discipline of biospeleology has existed only since the middle of the nineteenth century." Engel, Microbes 22
• "On the other side of the argument Louis Agassiz (1851), a strong opponent of Lamarck and later of Darwin, used cave animals as evidence fo rthe special creation of species." Shaw, cave science 228

• "Interest in dark-zone cave archeology in the United States, which dates back to the late nineteenth century, accelerated in the latter half of the twentieth century with many significant discoveries." Crane, Cave 67
• "Despite Boyd Dawkin's primary interest in cave archeology, the book contains a significant amount on other branches of cave study including speleogenesis and the growth of speleothems." Shaw, cave science 245
• "One of the most controversal objects in the Hungarian cave archeology is also from the Baradla Cave." Laczi, Cave Archeologiy in Hungary 153

• "The cappers' stand looked like general information booths for the whole cave area rather than for just a single cave or group of caves under one owner." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities  113
• "They supply written comments and oral testimony on wilderness plans and master plans for cave areas on government land." Tom Rea on 26
• "It was by command of the Emperor Franz I that Nagel undertook his travels in the cave areas of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire." Shaw, cave science 29

• "Cave art challenges the geological versus human binary opposition...cave art endures." Crane, Cave 108
  "cave owl" from grotte Chauvet, Ardèche, on a t-shirt, 2022
• "The first cave art to be recognised as prehistoric consisted of pieces of carved bone." Shaw, cave science 227
• "Prehistoric cave art is not limited to major caves." Galant, Another look 89

• "During our cave survey in 2010, and to a lesser extent in 2011, we collected samples of cave arthropods in most caves visited." Steiner, Biospeleology southern Vietnam 55
• "Research about cave Arthropods has been done in recent years by E. Gavish-Regev an dher research group the Israeli National Natural History Collections at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem." Langford, Laumanns, Israel 74

• "In North America cave are sites are spread across the western states, the Southwest, the Midwest and the south-eastern states." Crane, Cave 110
• "There are also minor numbers of cave art sites located on several other Caribbean islands." Shrewsbury, Cave Art 

• "Exposure to cave atmospheres and thereby to alpha-radiation in the Transvaal occurs on three levels." Gamble, Alpha-radiation 258
• "Each day the water in the cave is pumped out, filtered and returned as mist to maintain humidity levels and the moist cave atmosphere." Crane, Cave 179
• "Hydrogen sulfide concentration in the cave atmospheree fluctuate rapidly and often exceed U.S. government tolerance levels." Louise, D., Hose and James A. Pisarowicz, Cueva de Villa Luz 13

• "The earliest surveys of cave fauna from Wombeyan Caves were probably those in the late 1950s and 60s by scientists such as Elery Hamilton-Smith and Barbara Dew who were primarily studying cave bats." Ellis, Wombeyan 121
• "Caves provide important food resources in some parts of the world such as...and cave bats in the highlands of New Guinea where protein sources are not plentiful." Jennings, Man and other animals 106
• "Ofter the fear of a supernatural being withheld the people of the use of the cave, but the "supernatural" was often teh rhythmic drip of the stalactites, or the clattering of cave bats and owls." Laczi, Cave Archeologiy in Hungary 151

• "Long gone too are the fearsome cave bears that used to compete with prehistoric man for the shelter of the caves." Crochet, Guiraud, Symphonie 323
• "Kents Cavern...Animal remains include those of rhinoceros, wolf, cave lion, hyena, cave bear, baby mammoth and Irish elk." Oldham, Discovering Caves 21
• "The most outstanding caver and speleoarchaeologist of the 19th century was undoubtedly dr. Jinderich Wankel, who has proven the contemporaneity of humans with cave bear and unearthed the ritual centre in the Byci skala Cave." Oliva, The Moravian Karst 21

• "The water in the main conduits accounts, of course, for practically all the flow in the cave-bearing limestones, so normally the microfissure water-table can be ignored, except in terms of percolation flow into the main cave passages." Waltham, North-West England 81
• "After limestone and gypsum, lava is the third most important cave-bearing rock." Kempe, Lava Caves 49
• "Much of the surface is lateritic sandstone over crystalline bedrock, there are extensive belts of karst, especially in the west, besides smaller areas of cave-bearing lava, quartzite, and granite." Middleton, Madagaskar 1056

• "Crickets provide most of the guano eaten in Mammoth Cave, though critters also eat guano from cave beetles, bats, and woodrats." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 32
• The southern troglobite fauna comprise those species already mentioned, and, in addition, the cave beetle Trechnoblemus micros (which has been found in Derbyshire, so could possibly be present in Yorkshire and Lancashire)." Waltham, North-West England 

• "Troglobiont..this term is popular with cave biologists." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 31
• "The five described and four undescribed species of Banksula are known only from caves in California's Mother Lode Region of the Sierra Nevada and are of some evolutionary and ecological interest to cave biologists, arachnologists, and zoogeographers, as are all troglobites." Elliott, Damming up the Caves, p 38

• "When humans enter a cave, they have the potential to...adversely impact on cave biology (microbes, invertebrates and vertebrates and their habitats." Brush, Sustainable use 2
• "Cave biology has received relatively little attention, but a contrast is provided by the long history of cave archeology." Institute of Karst Geology, China Caves '85 p 10

• "In addition to the traditional leave-no-trace conservation ethics of cave exploration, there are two significant roles that cavers can play in cave microbiology: 1) is the identification of new cave biota and ecosystems through continued exploration.." Barton, Introduction 50
  
• "The cave biota of Myanmar has been subject to intermittent study since the 1880s and continues to yield new species descriptions." Harries, Nagaland 12 

• "Important collections of cave bones were also formed in the 18th and 19th century." Shaw, cave science 241
• "Many extinct taxa have been erected on the basis of cave bones." Jennnings, Man and other animals in Australian caves 120
• "These cave bones indicate a greater range of both area and elevation and say much about both climatic and vegetation changes." Heslop, New entrances for Ursa Major and Yorkshire Pot 18

• "It is not easy to publish cave books." Watson, Red (1980): Speleologia The Zephyrus Press Experience, p 32
• "And if it were not for a captive audience of cavers who buy cave books, we would be bankrupt." Watson, Red (1980): Speleologia The Zephyrus Press Experience, p 32
  Library at the Mammoth Cave HQ, Kentucky

• "This evidence suggests that the limit of exploration is also a hydraulic limit between two sequential modes of water flow: rapid turbulent floods prevailing from the sink to the cave bottom, and diffuse infiltration below the bottom of the explorable passage, down to the output boundary of Mount Sedom." Frumkin, Sedom Salt Karst 
• "We expect that there is not much beyond it, since the altitude of the cave bottom is only 640 m; the altitude is about the same as that of the karst springs in which the water from Vandima is supposed to rise." Gabrovsek, Vandima 33

• "The field survey and the mapping was started at the main entrance, the separation of the spatial units is based on the natural demarcation of the cave branches." Laczi, Cave Archeologiy in Hungary 151
• "The hemispherical, well burned, incised and incrusted fine pottery is the last occurrence of any archeological artefact in the cave branch, which can indicate both secular and ritual function." Laczi, Cave Archeologiy in Hungary 151

• "The cave burials indicate that the bodies wrapped up in mats were at first exposed to the "mumifying" action of the atmospheric conditions and then brought into the caves." Ciszewski, Easter Island 44
• "The Veddah practise cave burial and Veddah religion is described as a cult of the dead with shamans as its principle agents." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 13
• "Most cave burials are secondary interments, again less interesting than primary." Jennnings, Man and other animals in Australian caves 110

• "If you are buying a cave camera, consider an old Nikon or Nikormat with a busted meter." Brucker, cave photography 282
• "Compact rangefinders are moderately priced and make a good second cave camera for those who use an SLR under normal caving conditions." Williams, Cave photography 35

• "The large fallen blocks in the bottom of the Opera House and the Cathedral have fallen from the cave ceiling before they were filed with sediment and planed flat by paragenesis." Ellis, Wombeyan 67
• "The cave ceilings are studded with fascinating paintings of lotus flowers in full bloom - all dating back to the Kandyan period of time." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 27
• "The water is unable to 'hold' the dissolved particles of limestone, and they are deposited on the cave ceiling in the form of stalactites and on the cave floor in the form of stalagmites or sometimes down the walls as sheets and curtains." Oldham, Discovering Caves 5

• "On a hot summer night with insects singing from the street trees, Szabolcs and I slipped through a gap in a heavy steel gate, unlocked a door set into bedrock, followed a tunnel that had been blasted into the limestone, and emerged in a flooded cave chamber below the city." McFarland, Underland 199
• "A west facing, 16 m wide cave entrance, about 10 m above the stream, gives access to a first, about 21 or 24 m long and 6 m high cave chamber, which extends, getting lower and past a bend, into a second chamber which ends in a rift too narrow to enter." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 37
• "Krem Quarry u Theh....The draughting upper level lead southwards...and continues as a narrow canyon which meanders all the way to the St. Peter's Dome, in this case a cave chamber with a pool on the ground." Gebauer, Lumshnong 122

• "ARWC would provide Norwest and DOC with locations of teams on Stages 10 (trek); Stage 11 (mountain bike) and expected arrival time at cave check point." Carden, The Race
• "ARWC staff at hte cave check-in point were to assess competitor awareness levels and decide if they could proceed or if they should rest. (One team was told to rest)." Carden, The Race

• "Today the cave church of San Giovanni d'Antro, which was completely restored in the fifteenth century, clings to a mountainside in the Julian Alps, partly constructed externally, and partly built into the cave." Crane, Cave 153
  
• "Bolshie Bivy...This complex consists of a cave church." Gunko. Artificial caves in chalk 461
• "Malie Divy...At the bottom of the southern, are windows and entrance to the cave church of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist." Gunko. Artificial caves in chalk 462
  

• "One photograph (Lindenmayr F 2015.01.09 cave4-8.JPG) shows threads of larval fungus gnats which tend to indicate a constantly moist cave climate throughout the year and thereby either a lack of airflow or, in cases, an air current fed by relatively extensive cave passages." Gebauer, Lumshnong 12
• "Sasvari & Terek appear to dedicate a paragraph (in Czech) to aspects of cave climate and cave fauna mentioning, as far as I can see, recent bat guano, Prynicus lunatus, Orthoptera, Opilionidae and Diptera." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 143
• "The irregular arrangement, the dry cave climate and the great number of stake holes contradict the theory." Laczi, Cave Archeologiy in Hungary 152

• "The cave cricket, an important member of the cave community." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 42
• "These species and their remnants can provide a source of food for cave communities." Ellis, Wombeyan 121 12
• "The idea of transplanting an entire cave community to a mine is questionable, but it is perhaps better than transplanting to another cave, at least in this particular situation." Elliott, Damming up the Caves, p 39

• "Galapitagala Cave...They remain today the only accurate maps of the monastery and cave complexes." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 65
• "Boshie Divy...The most famous among them is that at the base of which is the entrance to the two-level cave complex." Gunko. Artificial caves in chalk 461
  
• "The Cueva del Viento is the longest cave complex, with 10km of mapped passages, and its upper entrance is located 2km WSW of Icod de los Vinos at latitude 28°20#32''N and longitude 12°00'50''W." Wood, Mills, Icod de los Vinos 453

• "cave conservation: There are conservationsists and preservationsits." Tom Rea on, 26
• "We have published some handout brochures about caving courtesy and about cave conservation that emphasize the owners' rights and desires." Tom Rea on, 26
• "Cave conservation can be best summed up as "The best possible uns of our existing caves." Oldham, Scotland x

• "The walls and speleothems are covered in cave coral that have included in their structure bluegreen and pink cyanobacteria." Ellis, Wombeyan 51
• "Furong Dong...The biggest ist the Coral Yao Pool with spectacular calcite crystals, floating rafts and cave coral." https://www.showcaves.com/english/cn/showcaves/Furong.html

• "Trogloxenes, such as bats, wood rats, and cave crickets, leave the cave at night to eat at the surface smorgasbord of plants, fungi, prey, and carrion." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 32
• "Some of the organisms that live in caves and aquifer are able to move freely in and out of cave (e.g. trogloxenes, such as bats and cave crickets), whereas other organisms are more likely to be dependent on transport or translocation to move them into or throughout a cave." Engel, Microbes 22
• "Trogloxenes...Included in this group are bats that roost and breed in caves, as well as cave crickets." Ellis, Wombeyan

• "When cave decorations are added to a marble background the display is magnificent." Ellis, Wombeyan 40
• "There is a good deal of cave decoration, mostly inactive but still attractive." Jennings, Karst in China 10
• "However, the guides' commentaries (in translation at least) included little scientific explanation and were mainly devoted to the usual likening of the cave decorations to all sorts of objects, animate and inanimate, often exhibiting a pleasant imagination but of no educational value." Jennings, Karst in China 10

• "Cave deposits are a history book for the ice ages." Crane, Cave 36
• "From the 1900s-1940s, many cave deposits were considered to have a microbiological origin, even if researchers could not prove it until more recently, including cave nitrate (saltpeter or saltpetre) deposits, carbonate moonmilk, and other speleothems." Engel, Microbes 23
• "The guano piles are a major source of the element posphorous in cave deposits." Ellis, Wombeyan 65

• "In both scientific and non-scientific language, the lexicon of cave description is fundamentally dependent on the vocabulary of human life on the surface," Crane, Cave 10
• "Another way in which information about caves was promulgated was in the form of compilations of cave descriptions for particular regions." Shaw, cave science 245
• "Like calcareospeleology, vulcanospeleology arose out of an unsystematic array of disparate observations, isolated cave descriptions, and scattered, more or less scietific reports." Halliday, Vulcanospeleology 172

• "However, we still are far from understanding cave development associated with flowing lava in all its facets." Kempe, Galapagos 144
• "In Wonder Cave we had an indication of the vast scale of cave development in Hidden Valley, but hard caving at 33° for 14 hours was no joke and the Hidden Valley camp was hard to supply, so logistics dictated that we concentrate our efforts in the more accessible caves borderung the Melinau flood plain." Brook, D., Waltham, A.C. (1979): The Underworld of Mulu, part 2, Caving International Magazine 2, p 5
• "Modern cave development attempts to leave much of the natural cave surfaces untouched, for example, by suspending walkways." Ellis, Wombeyan 41

• "David Gillieson, an expert in the conservation and management of caves and karst, suggests that the rule of human entry implies a minimum cave diameter of 0.3 m, while one character in Robert Penn Warren's novel THE CAVE (1959) jokes that 'a cave is no place for a fat man'." Crane, Cave 12

• "Kukla recorded one cave dimension of  55 m" Gebauer, Sri Lanka 36
• "Valvasor...His cave dimensions were quite unreliable." Shrewsbury, Cave Art 

• "The presence of military garrisons provided opportunities for local exploration in certain districts and they were responsible for some cave discoveries in Australia and Gibraltar." Shaw, cave science 60
• "Apart from Wudalianchi, whose lava  fields are quite well investigated, many of the other volcanic fields hold the possibilities of new cave discoveries." Wood, Zhang, Volcanic Centers China 128

• "Beyond the 300-metre mark of the sump no silt is deposited, and Cocklebiddy treats us again to the brillant visibility and while walls of other Nullarbor cave dives." Lewis, Nullabor Plain 9
• "Kaukako Crater...The lake is anaerobic below 4 m of depth and was dived by M. and S. Garman to a depth of 140 m, possibly one of the deepest4 cave dives in anoxic waters."  Kempe, Lava Caves 54

• "Sheck Exley - regarded by his peers as one of the greatest cave divers ever, and in 1994, the year of his death, the holder of the record for the deepet dive - summoned up the lure of cave diving in autobiography, Caverns Measureless to Man." Crane, Cave 89
• "In Cameron's film the curmudgeonly veteran cave diver Frank McGuire recites the poem to himself and later to his son in moments of awe or desperation." Crane, Cave 127
• "Tough luck for cavers, but a real bonanza for cave divers." Lewis, The Nullabor Plain 4
  Schwarzbachloch, Reiteralm, D

• "While such statements are common in tales of cave exploration, they are ubiquitous in accounts of cave diving - unquestionalbly the most dangerous way to explore the earth's wild places." Crane, Cave 85
• "The deepest cave in the region, and in the entire country, is Rahve Cave. A number of wet caves are known, and in some, cave diving is required."
• "The first is concerned with the principal discoveries in Dan yr Ogof itself, excluding the more detailed account of cave diving in part two." ACC, Dan yr Ogof 249

• "AA CAVE...A small cave entrance submerged in the water of a stream is the site of an early (before 1840) and fatal cave diving accident." Gebauer,Sri Lanka 18
• "The other episode that I watched concerned a cave diving accident in Florida, and I must say it was quite impressive."  Ganter, Caves in Magazines 124

• "A series of ambitious cave-diving expeditions in the last eight years have discovered sumps of enormous size, length and clarity, in several caves." Lewis, Nullabor Plain 3
• "Anon. (1998) briefly reports on the latest cave diving expeditions and resumes on a depth of 548 m." Laumanns, Lebanon 120
• "A series of ambitious cave-diving expeditions in the last eight years have discovered sumps of enormous size, length and clarity, in several caves." Lewis, The Nullabor Plain 3

• "Systematic cavediving explorations of Bue Marino by Czech speleodivers began in 1989." Hutnan, Grotta del Bue Marino - Sardinia 98
• "It is hoped that ongoing cave diving exploration will continue to raise awareness and concern for the sub-aquatic environment, and therefore assist in conservation." Beddows, Yucatan Phreas, Mexico 1678

• "Two members of a cave-diving team, Wes Skiles and Agnes Milkowka, who in 2008 ventured into the 'scientific trove' of the blue hole of the Bahamas on a research expedition funded by National Geographic, have since died in diving accidents." Crane, Cave 87
• "The Cedam cave diving team effectively used jungle camps to survey the amazingly decorated upstream passages, generally more than 5 m wide, filled with crystal-clear fresh water at depths of less than 10 m." Beddows, Yucatan Phreas, Mexico 1678
• "The same year saw a French-Romanian cave diving team, led by L.Mestre und M.Tudor, exploring caves in Cao Bang province (north Vietnam), they explored 67 caves with a total of 9,423 m of passage." Laumanns, Vietnam 307

• "The cave drawings encountered in the lowland Dry Zone are ascribable to the Vaddas in historical times, as indeed has been attested by the Seligmanns (1911) who watched Vadda women execute these semi-symbols compositions simply to while away their leisure." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 13
• "New discoveries occur daily in Alabama! On May 4th, scientists published  their findings of cave drawings in an Alabama cave, presented as the largest cave art discovered in North America." https://www.exploreamag.org/ancient-alabama-art/ 19.05.2024

• "Learning to empathize with the life of this most iconic of cave-dwellers requires going 'down on your elbows and knees', for which 'You'll need a speleologist's desire for rebirth..." Crane, Cave 42
• "Troglobite..a permanent cave dweller." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 31
• "The paintings in the numerous Bhimbetka rock shelters in India's Madhya Pradesh state, ...depict scenes from the lives of the cave-dwellers,  as well as animals including bison." Crane, Cave 110

• "Araiteuru is a cave-dwelling taniwha associated with the Hokianga harbour." Crane, Cave 105
• "Ceylon Traveller applies the expression "cave dwelling" as a descriptive term which clearly explains for what these inhabitable caves and rock shelters had been (or still are) used but the nature of these 'cave dwellings' remains obscure." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 13
• "A great diversity of cave-dwelling geckos has been described from Vietnam in the recent years, including Cyrotodactylus cucphuongensis from Cuc Phuong National Park." Steiner, in: Laumanns, Ninh Binh 102

• "Whether or not they have commercial significance, they are an integral part of the cave ecology." Ellis, Wombeyan 134
• "There is clearly still a lot of research to be done on the cave fauna and cave ecology of Southern Vietnam." Steiner, Biospeleology southern Vietnam 54

• "However, there is still much to be learned about obligate cave fauna, nutrient cycling, and cave ecosystems dynamics." Engel, Microbes 22
• "Camps are especially hard on the cave ecosystems." Sprouse, Peter (1980): Viewpoint p 7
• "I found that McLean's contains at least 35 species (mostly arthropods), making it perhaps the most diverse cave ecosystem in California." Elliott, Damming up the Caves, p 38

• "Gardner improved the vadose school of theories by postulating early phreatic opening of the caves by static water, and then the tapping of this water followed by major vadose cave enlargement." Waltham, North-West England 80
• "There appears to have been only a single phase of cave enlargement, followed by draining and calcite deposition that continues today." Waltham, Ha Long Bay, p 6
• "Subsequent dryness will have almost halted cave enlargement by solution."  Jennings, Karst in China 16

• "The cave entrance led via a squeeze through a bould ruckle into a narrow, vertical shaft forty-five feet deep, which was aptly name the Letter-box." Eyre, Cave Explorers 7
• "Either near the cave entrance or in its vicinity there was a stone earth oven called umu pae." Ciszewski, Easter Island 26
• "The absence of light and plants beyond cave entrances makes for just these few dining options." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 32
  Main entrance Mammoth Cave

• "They use the cave as suitable for clandestine activity, to be carried out not so much from eyes but above all from prying noses. in fact, the cave environment, thanks to the very high humidity level, breaks dowon any possible perfume deriving from the distilllation activity, thus making it impossible to identify the clandestine distillery." Garberi, Forti, USI Impropri (?) 100
• "The commercial history of Jenolan Caves dates back to the 1861 visit of the local politician John Lucas (who did much to ensure the preservation of the fragile cave environment, and after whom the Lucas Cave is namen.)". Crane, Cave 163
• "Apart from being an eyesore, various types of litter can poison the cave environment for the many microscopic animals who have made the cave their home." Oldham, Scotland x

• "Current studies try to document the cave evolution." Verheyden, Speleothem science 58
• "But there has been a long history of  cave evolution as exemplified by the Guanyan system." Institute of Karst Geology, China Caves '85 p 19

• "Unfortunately the confidence, the muscle and the piece-work payments of the railway companies were employed in the early cave excavations." Waltham, North-West England 182
• "Cave excavations have furnished the bulk of the evidence whereby the course of Aboriginal stone technology has been reconstructed." Jennings, Man and other animals 93

• "600+ metres of tape laid from the bottom of hte HiHi abseil through to the cave exit." Carden, The Race
• "The running tape was laid on left hand side of cave from the start of the main streamway to the cave exit." Carden, The Race

• "For many of us who make photos on typical cave expeditons we often have logistical limitations, time constraints etc. the photos are valued mostly as documentation." Kevin Downey in: Crochet, Guiraud, Arnaud, 6 th International Meeting of Cave Photographers
• "The massif has been the object of several cave expeditions, due to a great variety of karst landforms, including some hundreds of caves." Del Vecchio, Alburni 41

• "The cave, especially Star Chamber, apparently impressed Emerson because ten years later he described his cave experience at the beginning of his essag "Illusions": But I then took notice, and still chiefly remember, that the best thing which the cave had to offer was an illusion." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities  200
• "As a last question, what stands out as your most memorable caving experience.?" Caving International Interview with Derek Ford, CIM 3-1979, p 19
• "Prihnukagigur...This Tour, which is the brainchild of Arni B. Stefansson (who was first to descend this volcano in 1974, is the ultimate volcanic cave experience." Middleton, Overview of Volcanic Caves 65

• "Lazaro Pakarati..He is regarded as a cave expert." Ciszewski, Easter Island 47
• "It is remarkable, for instance, how many of the specialist terms in a cave expert's glossary appeared between 1880 and 1920 - from words to describe surface karstic terrain (doline, karren) to names for solution formations (helictite, frostwork)." Crane, Cave 33
• "The limestone caves from Nho Quan district in the extreme northwest in Ninh Binh province were also visited by foreign cave experts in the past." "Nevertheless, the topographical maps show an abundance of cave signatures, even with cave names displayed, with many of thoses caves not visited yet." Laumanns, Ninh Binh Province 10

• "Cave exploration remains one of the last pursuits in the world wheere the participant can find breath-taking sights no one has seen before." Eyre, Cave Explorers VIII
• "In spite of prohibition the Spaniards began the cave exploration and went into two of the caves in Roiho und Poike regions." Ciszewski, Easter Island 53
• "Dawkins traces the history of European cave exploration to insist that by 1874 it was'impossible to shut our eyes to the continuity the exists between geology, archaeology,biology, and history - sciences which at first sight appear isolated from each other." Crane, Cave 31

• "In 2005 three horror films depicted cave explorers trapped underground and hunted by monstrous predators." Crane, Cave 13
• "Does it go? This is the question that hooks the cave explorer and drives his/her curiosity towards an answer." Crane, Cave 79
• "He wore a long black frock coat and black trousers, thin boots and a linen shirt, certainly not hte ideal outfit for a cave explorer." Balch, Glacières 3

• "Formal, coordinated networks of scientists and explorers who shared a passion for caves began to emerge in the 1880s with the establishment of cave-exploring societies, across Europe." Crame, Cave 32
• "The fact that some people turned to cave exploring in particular may have been a matter of chance in some cases, but cave work would tend to appeal particularly in those whose sense of curiosity was strongly developed." Shaw, cave science 246
• "I jokingly say misfortune because with my advent into cave science my time for cave exploring was reduced." Caving International Magazine Inverview with Julia James 14-1982, p 8

• "But in cave fauna we find the process reversed: the complex forms are reverting to those that are more simple." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 108
• "However, there is still much to be learned about obligate cave fauna, nutrient cycling, and cave ecosystems dynamics." Engel, Microbes 22
• "The rare cave fauna need undisturbed environments for survival just as the speleothems need uncontaminated evironments to appear as they do." Ellis, Wombeyan 41

• Basically, corrosion due to condensation on cave walls is the result of a physio-chemical process that affects specific parts and sections of galleries depending both on the local aerology and on the cave features." Dandurand, Speleogenesis 49
• "The accuracy of the surveys has been tested repeatedly by finding surface feastures at the correct spot indicated by the cave features below." Tratman, NW-Clare 31
• "Pisarowicz's thoughts were that he had never seen similar cave features (sulfur, moonmilk-like stalactites (later dubbed snotties), ubiquitous gypsum crystals) in over 20 years of caving and that withour photo documentation few people would believe the things that they had seen." Louise, D., Hose and James A. Pisarowicz, Cueva de Villa Luz 14

• "Since fossiliferous cave fills have been cut across in quarries which are as old as Devonian (near Davenport, Tasmania), and since the geomorphic histories of cave areas are now being interpreted to imply that unfilled and unexhumed caves are as old as Paleogene at Bungonia Caves, New South Wales, it is likely that mammal bones will be found in much older deposits than they have so far." Jennnings, Man and other animals in Australian caves 123
• "The main cave fill..includes much breccia from cave breakdown....there are also many beds of gravel, sandy clay and flowstone, several of them rich in bone, including skulls and other bones of Peking Man, tools and hearth ash." Jennings, Karst in China 8
• "The general outfitting of the show caves (safety of footpaths, technically perfect and aesthetically impressive lighting, preservation of cave fills and deposits in natural position and colour) is of a high international standard." Kucera, Jaskyne 205

• "Collections were built up by many societies, field clubs and individuals, but regrettably many have been lost or destroyed and at the present time numerous cave finds have to be exhibited without provenance." Waltham, NW-England 183
• "Various claims for the extension of the ranges of living species have been made from cave finds, e.G. Lundelius (1957):" Jennnings, Man and other animals in Australian caves 122
• "The basic reason for the commotion is simple - Lechuguilla is certainly one of the greatest cave finds of this century, and represents an incredible storehouse of exotic, rare or unique speleothems set in a huge complex that has seemingly infinite leads." Downey, Lechuguilla 21

• "The five-inch-long northern cave fish lives in the generally calm waters of base-level rivers." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 32
• "Eigenmann..He had worked on the blind cave fish Amblyopsis spelaeus in the 1890s, and for several years after 1900 specimens were kept in tanks in his department." Shaw, cave science 242
• "It is somewhat surprising for a country with abundant karst areas and large river caves, that only a single cave fish is described, from a cave in northern Vietnam." "Although a good part of the references are from boulder caves, many of the geckos nevertheless depend on these cave habitats." Steiner, Biospeleology southern Vietnam 60

• "There are many loose rocks and loose broken speleothems on the cave floor." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 16
• "Once past the pools, the cave floor fell away at a forty-five degree angle over smooth deposits of flowstone an deep gour pools, and the passage widened into a huge rift." Eyre, Cave Explorers 83
• "The cave floor beneath roosting colonies of bats is covered by deposits of their guano and urine, as well as discarded prey and bat carcasses." Ellis, Wombeyan 124
  C7, Dak Nong, Vietnam

• "On the coast in the region of Mataveri o tai there are the best known and most frequented cave formations." Ciszewski, Easter Island 37
• Until the early decades of the twentieth century, geologists, archaeologists and other scientists who ventured underground did not share a specialized vocabulary with which to describe caves in rich detail, advance their theories about cave formation or classify the life forms they discovered in the damp and the dark." Crane, Cave 33
• "In Europe, taking powdered cave formations medicinally faded out in the 1700s." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities  96
  Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, USA Paradise Cave, Phong Nha, Vietnam

• Each formation in a lave cave reflects information on the cave formation mechanism, lava flow episode und rate, lave physio-chemical and hydrodynamic properties." La The Phuc, Krongno Volcano Geopark 307
• "A second major cave formation mechanism involves melting and recosolidification of materials, as in the case of lava tube caves." Boston, Extraterrestrial Caves 737

• "The caves large volume supports the probability that cave-forming sulphuric acid originated mainly by oxidation of hydrogen sulfide from petroleum in the surrounding rocks." Davis, Uniqueness of Lechuguilla 427
• "However, except for the obvious fact that the cave-forming water flowed slowly, the hydrology remains ambiguous." Davis, Uniqueness of Lechuguilla 427
• "Of interest to the caver are the great cave-forming properties of pahoehoe." Wood, Caves on the Hawaiian Volcanoes 4

• "In addition to basic cave gear needed for any cave trip (boots, helmet, light, first aid pack), explorers need survey instruments." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 107

• "This led me to what has become a compulsive interest in cave morphology and cave genesis." Caving International Interview with Derek Ford, CIM 3-1979, p 15
• "The advent of much cheaper computing with PCs in the 1980s opened up computer modeling of groundwater flow and cave genesis in soluble rock." Ford, From Olomouc 1973 p 15
• "Geomorphology, cave genesis and chemistry have rarely been pursued in depth, though these subjects now represent an expanding field, particularly where there is any prospect of applied benefit." Institute of Karst Geology, China Caves '85 p 10

• "The science of cave geomicrobiology as a science, with new insights suggesting that cave microorganisms may be involved in processes as varied as speleothem deposition to cavern enlargement." Barton, Introduction 48
• "While such ideas may seem an extraordinary application of cave geomicrobiology, NASA has recently undergone a dramatic refocus by gearing its activities to returning humans to the moon and exploration of Mars and world's beyond to find evidence of past life, activities in which cave geomicrobiology may play an important role." Barton, Introduction 49

• "North-west Country Clare deserves to become a classical area for the study of caves, for the combination of geological simplicity and the youthfulness of the caves provides almost the simplest imaginable cave geommorphology." Tratman, NW-Clare 59
• "This account of the cave geomorphology reviews all schools of thought and emphasises the views which are widely held, or conclusively proved." Waltham, North-West England 82

• "Another very early cave group was the Section Küstenland des Deutschen und Österreichischen Alpenvereins." Shaw, cave science 247
• "The overall number of cave groups in the world is not known." Shaw, History of Cave Science  251
• "Prior to the existence of the Cave Group, much work was done by foreign clubs, particularly from England, and has been written up in their club journals." Price, Malaysia 4

• "Working as a cave guide for twenty-plus years, I have encountered many of fascinating topics." O'Connor Olsen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 15
• "The cave guide is exposed to similar conditions for lengthy periods and usually has additional limited exposure to conditions more severe in terms of accessibility and inhalation." Gamble, Alpha-radiation 258
• "The first official cave guide is believed to have been Hans-Jürgen Becker, who conducted tours of Baumann's Cave in Germany from 1668, while trained cave guides were employed at the 
  Ojcow caves in Poland from around 1810." Crane, Cave 160

• "The cave habitat is divided into three major zones based on light intensity, entrance, twilight, and dark zone." Engel, Microbes 22
• "However, Smith also provided important first-hand observations of invertebrate communities associated with different cave habitats." Ellis, Wombeyan 121
• "Although a good part of the references are from boulder caves, many of the geckos nevertheless depend on these cave habitats." Steiner, Biospeleology southern Vietnam 60
• "Caves provide habitats for unique species. Make your own edible cave habitats in the form of hollow meringue cookies or dessert rolls." https://fantasticcaverns.com/create-your-own-cave-confections/

• "Scallops...Their ability to show both flow speed and direction makes scallops an extremely useful tool in reconstructiong cave history." Ellis, Wombeyan 67
• "They provide information on the cave history as well as on its human occupation." Verheyden Speleothem science 58

• Dawkins presents the 'cave-hunter' as a figure of an advanced intellectual age in which scientists could work unhindered by pagan superstitions or religious dogma." Crane, Cave 31
• "Father Sebastian's Rapanui housekeeper and her sister-in-law were keen cave hunters who greatly assisted him in his documentation of Easter Island's antiquities." Kiernan, Easter Island 88

• "Dawkins describes a 'new science of cave-hunting' comprised of two integrated divisions of study - the physical and the biological." Crane, Cave 29
• "Victoria Cave was not the first cave in the study area to attract the antiquarian, for some of the north Lanshire caves had been mentioned in this context by West in 1774, but it was the news of the finds from this cave in 1839 that seems to have triggered off the widespread cave hunting of the 1840s and 1850s." Waltham, NW-England 183

• "Karst is the root word in a whole suite of specialist terms in cave hydrology and geology, from pseudokarst for landscapes analogous to karst but formed by non-dissolutional processes, to epikarst for the highly porous uppermost zone of soluble rock, and paleokarst for ancient kast features dating from an earlier period of karstification." Crane, Cave 27
• "Fears of an actual monster were quickly laid to rest but at the same time the divers learned a healthy respect for the cave hydrology." Farr, Blue Holes of Andros Island 37
• "Cave and cave hydrology in North China were described in "The Mountain Scripture", a book written over 2200 years ago." Institute of Karst Geology, China Caves '85 p 6

• "As Michael Ray Taylor succinctly puts it, 'Cave images and anecdotes permeate world mythology." Crane, Cave 90
• "For decades they have been producing world class cave images with an elegant marriage of artistic sensitivity and painstaking technique." Crochet, Guiraud, Symponie 7
• "Not surprisingly in connection with the internalization of the quest-romance discussed above, another common usage of the cave image is in its association with what we know today as the subconscious." Sommer, The Romantic Cave? 181

• "Such employement of cave imaginery to cue emotional and intellectual responses is one aspect of the 'complex negations of nature and culture', which reveals that the long history of human engagement with the natural world has shaped our view of ourselves." Crane, Cave 15
• "Cave imaginery (imagery) was a frequent Mannerist device." Shrewsbury, Cave Art 
• "Walter Scott (1771-1832), the lover of caves, who was struck by the sublimity of Fingal's Cave, made wide use of cave imagery in his writings." Sommer, The Romantic Cave 179

• "It is not the place for sponsored walks, cave-ins, or sit-ins." Oldham, Scotland xi
• "While the arch structure of the snowtubes has great strength, massive cave-ins can occur at wide exits at the edge of the snowfield and whereever surface melting has made the ceiling thin." Carroll, The Snowtube Challenge 329

• "They say similar cave inscriptions had been so far discovered in alauwa, Ambilikanda and Mawanella." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 29
• "The French group left cave inscriptions at three locations, which marked the reached positions." Hutnan, Grotta del Bue Marino - Sardinia 98

• "It appears that Englert explored the cave interior." Ciszewski, Easter Island 31
• "It can be concluded that continuous space in the cave interior would have catered for variety of human behaviour of different indiviuals and groups."  http://cavesciencesrilanka.blogspot.com/2013/08/space-management-in-caves-architectural.html

• "This means that most cave invertebrates rely on external food sources where the food webs are based on bacteria that do not need light to survive, but these are not known at Wombeyan." Ellis, Wombeyan 122
• "Kurugala Cave...Through-drafts between at least four entrances keeps the humidity low so that few cave invertebrates live within." Wilson, Southern Sri Lanka 23

investigation of caves

• "This was followed up in 1876 by an unsuccessful attempt to organise cave investigations in all the Australian colonies." Shaw, cave science 60
• "Subsequent archaeological studies to which I do not have access have presumably continued some investigation of caves." Kiernan, Easter Island 88
• "According to Courbon et al. (1989), who has used his business missions carried out in saudi Arabia in 1983, 1984, and 2003-2005 for brief cave investigations, two other caves, about 100 m deep, called Ain Dhila and ain Samba near Khardj in the Eastern province still awaits further investigation und thus were not listed under the "Deep Caves" section below." Laumanns, Saudi Arabia 176

• "Nullabor Plain..Most of these cave lakes have been visited infrequently by white men over the past 100 years, and three of them have had pumps installed for stock water supplies." Lewis, Nullabor Plain 4
• "Longgong Caves...The local people have an extensive knowledge of the caves, as demonstrated by the comprehensive planning schedules and the many steel boats marooned on isolated cave lakes throughout the area." Waltham, China Caves '85 p 49

• "Horace Hovey...his books include descriptions of the tour routes and cave landmarks populaar with other early writers, but he covered thd cave mor thoruoughly than most writers." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 197

• "Zehuhit....A small passage, which was found and mapped recently, has pushed the cave length to the above-mentioned length." Langford, Laumanns, Israel 79
• "Alma...According to this, the cave length is 805 m with a depth of - 97m."  Langford, Laumanns, Israel 80
• "A notable feature of the mazes is the exceptionally high passage network density, which is characterized conveniently by using a ratio of a cave length to an area occupied by a cave system." Klimchouk, Ukraine Gypsum Caves and Karst

• "These two examples in the Pyrenees and the Alps enlighten the richness brought by cave levels spread over a large range of elevations." Jaillet, French mountain caves 28
• "Five cave levels can clearly be recognised." Angeli et al., Pleistozene Sea Level Changes 31
• "UPM Cave...the solution pockets of the first cave level feature reddish relict sediments indicating a former phase of in-fill, during which most likely the whole cave was plugged." Laumanns, Saudi Arabia 179

• "Less suited for long-term cave life than cave crickets, camel crickets go outside to eat every two or three days, so they live near damp entrances." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 44
• "Do not dump carbide in or outside of a cave. This can seriously upset cave life as well as being unsightly." Stratford, South Wales 7
• "Jackson (1910) thought the skeletal material could have been Bronze Age but the associated finds are predominantly Romano-British; he rejected the 'theory of refugees' and thought that cave life formed a feature of Romano-British civilation." Waltham, NW-England 199

• "The visual imagery of a cave-like space heightens our emotional identification with Clarice, and symbolizes the dark recesses of the mind of the madman who hunts her." Crame, Cave 15
• "Troglophile - an animal that may live its entire life in a cave but can also live above ground or in a cavelike habitat. The term literally means "cave lover." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities31
• "Unroofed caves are identified by their cave-like shape and by the presence of cave deposits such as flowstone or stalagmites." Ellis, Wombeyan 62
• "The Barkley Cove graveyard trailed off under tunnels of dark oaks. Spanish mosses hung in long curtains, creating cavelike sanctuaries for old tombstones - the remains of a family here, a loner there, in no order at all." Owens, Crawdads 355

• "For example, Sumidero Yochib, widely regarded as one of the technically most difficult caves in Mexico, does not rank high on longest or deepest cave lists." Hoemann, Viewpoint 16
• "Hagay ..mentioned in the cave list of Langford & Frumkin" Langford, Laumanns, Israel 79

• "While the impossibility of capturing the earth's reality in words is not peculiar to the spaces beneath its surface, cave literature frequently reveals a heightened awareness of the limits of language in relation to natural phenomena." Crane, Cave 11
• "Some twenty years later another of the classics of cave literature appeared, a book in two volumes by Rosenmüller and Tilesius." Shaw, cave science 245

• "For protection reasons the aforementioned article does not provide any cave locations." Laumanns, South Vietnam part 1, p 40
• "A necessary start to look for caves on the Leizhou Peninsula and the northern part of Hainan Island will be to record all known cave locations form literature sources and local knowledge, which can then be followed up by physical exploration." Wood, Zhang, Volcanic Centers China 128
• "The article does not provide cave locations but has ground plans of two caves." Laumanns, Vietnam 306
• "We also try to prevent publication of cave locations in anything intended für the general public." Tom Rea on, 26
• "How about damage done by the release of cave locations?" Carter, Ethical Caving 259

• "Kents Cavern...Ancient cave man would hardly recognise his former home today." Oldham, Discovering Caves 21
• "All that was positively known of the cave-man was that he hunted, fought and drew pictures; and art, Chesterton said, was the signature of man." Ffinch, Chesterton 300
• "Dane Thomsen....I tell you, they progressed along the very same lines. In the Stone Age, the ideas in the caveman's head were as blunt as the club in his hand; they were as rough as the flint from which he struck a spark." Towles, A gentleman in Moscow 85
• "The caveman is the girls ideal, Though he shirks romantic hours." Cornwell-Smith, They words 20

• "The cave management have drilled an 8-foot square tunnel into the main passage and laid a wide concrete path for nearly a thousand feet into the mountain." Oldham, Discovering Caves 8
• "Owners may learn of organizations, at both the national and local level, that can often provide advice and assistance on cave management (e.g. cleanups, community education, liabibility releases, gating, etc.)."  Ganter, Caves in Magazines 126

• "The strong support of both cave managers and cavers is required if using minimal impact caving techniques to reduce the everyday impact of cavers." Webb, Recreational Caving
• "The major challenges that modern recreational cavers face are the increasing restrictions being placed upon them by cave managers who are attempting to protect the cave resource they are managing." Webb, Recreational Caving

• "After caving itself, the activity that most brings together dedicated cave explorers und cave scientists is the production of cave maps." Crane, Cave 37
• "In 1845, he drew a map of the cave mostly from memory and from his knowledge of older cave maps he was able to view while staying at Locust Grove." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 103
• "The shape of cave maps and plans gives us some indication of how they formed." Ellis, Wombeyan 66

• "The celebrated scientist und speleologist Arthur N. Palmer identifies cave mapping as an 'essential skill for any speleologist' and 'the first step in obtaining quantitative data about caves." Crane, Cave 37
• The 2018 biospeleolocial investigations were only made "en passant" as cave mapping was the main goal of the project." Laumanns, Krong No Volcanic Park 66
• "Due to the fact that speleologists began to separate themselves from ordinary cave visitors and tourists, carbide lights, rope ladders or distinctive instruments for cave mapping became emblems for speleology." Mattes, Giving us an identity 79

• "In fact the more one reads excavation reports the more obvious it becomes thar re-appraisals of British cave material are due." Waltham, NW-England 200
• Commissions of the UIS...The latter deal with bibliography, records of very deep and very long caves, speleochronology (the dating of cave material), karstic erosion, tourist caves, cave rescue, and speleotherapy (the use of caves in medical treatment)." Shaw, History of Cave Science 253

• "The powerful association of light with knowledge (and darkness with ignorance) also underpins the use of cave metaphors in theories of dreams and the unconcious, most famously by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung." Crane, Cave 16

• "Cave and karst microbes were thought to be a subset of surface microbes flushed into caves from meteoric drip waters, surface streams and air currents, or carried into the caves by animals." Engel, Microbes 23
• "Molecular phylogenetic analyses can also give us information of what nutrients are available in an environment, providing clues as what to add to our Petri plates to improve the chances of growing those rare cave microbes." Barton, Introduction 48

• "Cave microbiology is rapidly developing with new discoveries every month, as well as DNA sudies, such as Neanderthal DNA found in detrital cave sediments, paving the way for DNA recovery from speleothems." Verheyden, Speleothem science 5

• "Two specific examples of cave micro-organisms with potential commercial interest are cited by Steele." Ellis, Wombeyan 134
• "Such non-culturability is likely more pronounced in cave microorganims." Barton, Introduction 44

• "Some people today still believe that caves and cave minerals have the power to heal." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities  96
• "Bat and bird guano is the source for many of the less auspicious cave minerals." Ellis, Wombeyan 52
• "Calcite is the very first cave mineral to be mentioned by Fridvaldszky (1767) from Romania." Verheyden, Speleothem science 53

• "In 1814, Mammoth Cave manager Archibald Miller wrote to slave owner John Hendrick about a slave leased to work in the cave mining operation." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 95

• "According to CEYLON TRAVELLER "Dambulla is the largest cave monastery in Sri Lanka and its history goes back to the 2nd century B:C. on the evidence obtainable from the inscription under the drip ledge of the main cave recording the dedication of the cave to Buddhist monks." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 48
• "On the other hand, most of the "cave monasteries", cave temples, and refuges of Lebanon are merely overhangs or in grottoes, rather than in true caves." Halliday, Caves in History: The Eastern 427

• "From this time onwards, the sequence and environment of cave development my be infered from a detailed study of the cave morphology." Waltham, North-West England 80
• "This led me to what has become a compulsive interest in cave morphology and cave genesis." Caving International Interview with Derek Ford, CIM 3-1979, p 15
• "The associated Cueva de San Marcos, over 2km long, is of specific scientific interest because the whole lave flow has been truncated by the cliff-face at Puerto de San Marcos, offering an unparalleled opportunity of relating cave morphology to flow structures." Wood, Mills, Icod de los Vinos 453

mouth of cave

• "The black opening of the cave mouth stood out starkly against the snow and surrounding limestone." Eyre, Cave Explorers 74
• "'What is the strange instinct, impelling us to explore, which the sight of a cave mouth arouses?'" Crane, Cave 66
• "The river disappeared in rapids into a cave mouth 15 metres high by 15 metres wide." Montgomery, Atea Expeditions 8

• "In the largest of these caves, known since Roman times and used for the extraction of stones, since 1970 the champignon-type cave mushroom have been cultivated." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 113

• "Cave mushrooms are not cave-adapted mushrooms, but simply normal mushrooms, at least most of the species examined in this work, where caves are a general part of their habitat." Vasquez, Mico-Speleologic finds

• "Thus each exploring expedition should include at least one cave musician, 
  Who'd ensure no further repedition in confusing rhythmic dances." Rhumba Alley (A Lesson in Cave Passage Nomenclature), in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 100
• "When very cave musicians twisted brain,
  Has used up all the words which can get to bloddy rhyme,
  And peace will come, and no one will complain!" The Mendip Musicians, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 118

• "The recorded cave name "Dig Gallena" is obviously a corrupted version of a Diggala Lena named after a rock of Dig." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 54
• "The origin and meaning of the Khasi cave name "krem Umkhang" was not identified but may derive from the Khasi word "ka'khang" for a fern or refer to "locked up, closed off water" especitally since both Krem Umkhang and the Procupine Cave, Lumshnong, are the only known dry and entirely relic caves in a neighbourhood of two dozen other caves which all provide access to active streamways." Gebauer, Lumshnong 133
• "Nevertheless, the topographical maps show an abundance of cave signatures, even with cave names displayed, with many of thoses caves not visited yet." Laumanns, Ninh Binh Province 10

• "Yet exploration by 200 British potholers over a 40-year-period culminated in 2011 in the connection of more than 102 km of passages that stretch under Cumbria, Lancashire and Yorkshire, making the Three Counties System the longst cave network in Britain." Crane, Cave
  
• "In China's Chongquing province, a cave network explored in 2013 was found to possess its own weather system: ladders of stacked mist that build in a huge central hall, cold fog that drifts in giant cloud chambers for from the reach of the sun." McFarlane, Underland 11
• They are, however, almost denuded, and remains survive only of roofless cave networks." Waltham, NW-England 217

• "Our group was warmly welcomed on arrival, and we were delighted to meet the cave operators, Marg and Scott Robertson." Henderson, Maori Leap Cave
• "Given the obvious commitment of both the cave's operators and staff, and their enthusiasm, I am sure the cave future's is bright." Henderson, Maori Leap Cave

• "Cave openings are gaping 'mouths' into the dark 'gullets' of the earth." Crane, Caves 11
• "A short trip into the entrance of a cave, when ridge walking, to determine if it goes and what kind of trip may be needed in the future, may save everyone in the group considerable time when a number of new potential cave openings are found." Wilson, Solo Cave Myth 21
• "The cave opening looms suddenly out of the mountain face above the trees on the left bank of the stream." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 33

• "The many theories of 'cave origin' (or, more accurately, of 'environment of cave development') may be divided broadly into four groups, based upon the division of groundwater environment into the vadose and phreatic zones." Waltham, North-West England 80
• "Based on clearly definded geological and geomorphical criteria (action of endogenous or exogenous processes, type of geomorphic process and mechanism of cave origin) the basic categorisation of non-solution caves is presented in the paper." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution caves 237
• "They have significatly renewed the analysis of the processes at the origin of caves or of some karst dynamics or morphologies." Dandurand, Speleogenesis47

• "This historic fiction mixed with fantasy features historic cave guides Stephen Bishop and Mat and Nick Bransford, cave owner Dr. John Croghan, P.T. Barnum, and former vice president Aaron Burr." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 181
• "We've made some half-hearted attempts (to have a cave owner's education programme)." Tom Rea on, 26
• "The Greatest Natural Curiosity in America and an ideal summer resort, with the Cave Hotel able to accomodate up to 500 guests, who could avial themselves of the tours conducted by slaves of the cave owners." Crane, Cave 162

• "Also, it is helpful to have a rag or small piece of towel tucked away in your cave pack to wipe off the stray globs that inevitably attach themselves to the camera gear." Williams, Cave Photography 36
• "Soon all the cave packs were lowered down on a wooden slide to us." England, Zoolithenhohle 8

• "Numerous petroglyphs and cave paintings seen everywhere are the expression of the ancient rapanui culture." Ciszewski, Easter Island 41
• "In Central America Mayan cave paintings have been found in Yucatan, Mexico, and in the Caribbean a significant concentration of cave art from the last two millenia can be found in Cuba and in the Dominican Republic." Crane, Cave 111
• "Leclerq recorded cave paintings and engravings "..celui d'Aluwihara est plutôt une série de crevasses, avec de naives peintures.." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 27

• "The carbon dioxide-rich air in Kacna jama, Slovenia, is caused by the seepage underground of waste from a paper mill - a reminder that even the remotest cave passages are parts of intetrated natural systems which link the earth's surface and its depths.2 Crane, Cave 22
• "However, such is the way of cavers, that it was eighteen years before full documentation was complete and even as it left the printers, it was out of date, because even more cave passages had been discovered." Eyre, Cave Explorers 35
• "Cave passages are just space." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 7
  Mammoth Cave

• "Well known for their great deepness related to the mountain uplift, most of these networks also show cave patterns with several levels." Jaillet, French montian karsts 21
• "It is now widely recognised that a water-table, in the classical sense, does not generally exist in caverous limestones having an essentially secondary permeability via fractures; local geological features have such a strong influence on the cave patterns that any proposed water-table relating to the main drainage channels becomes an impossibly complex and irregular surface." Waltham, North-West England 80
• "Macro--morphology of caves is expressed by cave patterns, overall orientation relative to the gravity field, and tier structure." Klimchou, Caves 420

• "Below the Temple Cave is the Dark Cave, the largest of the Batu Caves, a 2-km network of caverns containing elaborate formations such as cave curtains, flow stones, cave pearls and scallops; it, too, is open to the public." Crane, Cave 156
• "Cave pearls are also best preserved in the wild caves as they occur in small water filled hollows frequently found on the floor, that area of the cave most vulnerable to destruction by visitors." Ellis, Wombeyan 52
• "Buckland..According to his manuscript notes for these lectures he discussed speleothems (including mondmilch, cave pearls, flos ferri and aragonite) and cave bone deposits." Shaw, cave science 242

• "Craters of the Moon National Monument...The modest entry fee entitles the visitor to a cave permit and an obligatory talk at the visitor centre by a ranger on how to safely and responsibly visit the area." Middleton, Overview of Volcanic Caves 73
• "Lava Beds National Monument..The cave permits are free and are issued at the Visitor Centre, which gives management an opportunity to brief visitors on caving safely and softly and on white-nose." Brush, Sustainable use 8

• "Good photographers spend a lot of time looking at the cave and looking at cave photos." Brucker, cave photography 282
• "Therefore, given that conditions in caves are basically adverse, one must talk of degrees of adversity when determining the equipment and techniques required to take that beautiful or dramatic cave photo." Williams, Cave photography 34
• "In another webpage the name "Swanley Cave" is erroneously used for a different cave (cave photo), as the cave picture shows Speery Island in the background which is in fact 7 km SSE of Swanley Valley." Pavuza, Czech, St. Helena 30

• "The cave photographs of Philippe Crochet and Annie Guiraud are among the best I have seen." Crochet, Guiraud, Symponie 5
• "Exposing a cave photograph is almost always accomplished using either flashbulbs or an electonic flash." Williams, Cave Photography 35
• "To illustrate its photographic power, on 27 January 1865 Alfred Brothers, a professional photographer of Manchester, England, photographed a chamber in the Blue Caverns in Derbyshire - the first successful underground cave photograph." Howes, Photographing Caves

• "Pioneering underwater cave photographers Wes Skiles and Jull Heinerth have taken the art of underwater photography and cinematography to levels that few could have imagined even as recently as the beginning of this century." Crane, Cave 123
• "For cave photographers, Lechuguilla pesents a seemingly endless series of possibilities for amazing images." Downey, Lechuguilla 24
• "Water is the cave photographer's worst enemy but mud can also give him fits." Williams, Cave Photography 36

• "Cave photography was utilised quit early in Australia." Shaw, cave science 61
• "Cave photography is a demanding business, certainly not financially rewarding at all." Crochet, Guiraud, Symponie 7
• "Three basic tasks are required in cave photography." Williams, Cave photography 34

• "In another webpage the name "Swanley Cave" is erroneously used for a different cave (cave photo), as the cave picture shows Speery Island in the background which is in fact 7 km SSE of Swanley Valley." Pavuza, Czech, St. Helena 30
• "An age-old photographic technique is to build up a cave picture using separate flashes to fill in different portions of the scene, but digital techniques can extend this theme." Howes, Cave Photography 

• "Oliver Trickett...He produced innumerable cave plans and maps of cave areas between 1897 and 1919 and, besides publishing lengthy reports of official publicatons." Shaw, cave science 61
• "The second cave entrance of Krem Diengiri, Lumshnong, is indicated as "daylight window" on the cave plan (Scherzer H 2015.02.13 KremJri.jpg) about 5 m south-west of the main entrance." Gebauer, Lumshnong 36
• "Sasvari gives a cave plan with four cross sections of "Kerudavil-barlang" and "Kerudavil Cave." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 143
  La Gran Caverna de Santo Tomas, Pinar del Rio, Kuba 2012

• "Several other caves were explored, and we decided to return the following year to explore the cave potential on the Plateau de Thusac aove Archianne, which held the promise of deep caves." Eyre, Cave Explorers 86
• "Cave potential on Sri Lanka must be about nil." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 7
• "This state of the affair began to change when in the 1970's the tremendous cave potential of Hawai'i was understood, leading to the foundation of the Hawai'i Speleological Survey in 1989." Kempe, Lava Caves 49
• "The beginning of lave cave research on Hawai'i in the 1970s and the consecutive acknowledgement of the enormous Haawai'an cave potential spurred activity there and worldwide, leading to the foundation of the Hawai'i Speleological Survey in 1989 during the International Congress of Speleology in Budapest, Hungar." Kempe, Kempe, Volcanic Rock Caves 865

• "Cave prospecting in the dense forstes of New Guinea is much slower than in the open alpine limestone of Europe and North America, and hence expeditions to date have still largeley only scratched the surface." Montgomery, Atea Expeditions 7
• "Although the U.K. expedition to Hawaii Island last summer was primarily designed to answer specific problems on the geology of the tube-fed lava flows, it was especially successful in general cave prospecting and exploration." Wood, Caves on the Hawaiian Volcanoes 4

• "In Malaysia, where caves have a warm, snake-friendly temperature, snakes called cave racers do live deep in caves, where they eat bats and swiftlets." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 57
• The cave racer Orthriophis taeniurus, which is reported from other Vietnamese caves, is not recorded from here either." Steiner, Biospeleology southern Vietnam 59
• "Lindsay was petrified when he nearly grasped a cave race snake." Eavis, Willis, Dodd, Cathay-Pacific Airways MULU 80, p 22

• "Virturally any cave feature known in any  of nearby lesser caves could also be found in Carlsbad; usually in more imposing displays....aragonite trees and frostwork and cave rafts." Davis, Uniqueness of Lechuguilla 426
• "Complications in the latter cave such as the early, truncated calcified siltstone/cave raft deposits, and large amounts of clay, silt and cobbles on floors, seem to be absent in Lechuguilla." Davis, Uniqueness of Lechuguilla 427

• "Cave records of this species are exceedingly rare, though." Steiner, in: Laumanns, Ninh Binh 102
• "Here, as at the highest levels of all human activities, competition is fostered by the natural desire to compare achievements, even to be best. Cave records, in part, reflect that competitive urge." Hoemann, Viewpoint 16

• "If you want a quick cave, there's Diamond Caverns, it's well lit, it's in the cave region." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 112
• "What I'm trying to do instead is to be concerned with protection of caves and the landscape in cave regions." Tom Alley-Interview, Caving International Magazine 9-1980 p 13

• "A significant number of cave-related archaeological projects were carried out in Ninh Binh province." Laumanns, Ninh Binh Province 10
• "Several of the important cave-related reports of the Cave Unit are classified confidential and thus not officially available to foreigers." Laumanns, Saudi Arabia 177
• "Other cave-related books of his (Edgar Rice Burroughs) include Cave Girl and Tarzan and the Cave City." Steward, Caves in Fiction 422

• "Many of the towers have very old cave remnants preserved within them, and many have foot caves that are relics of their undercutting at various levels." Waltham, Ha Long Bay p 4
• "In the wall could be found a number of caves remnants of an earlier phase of development." Skuce, Taurus Mountains 1976 444
• "One is a low, rounded dome with a second or collapsed centre tens of metres in diameter, with cave remnants in much of all of its perimeter ridge; some also have short patent drainage and or feedeer tubes in addition." Halliday, Volcanic Caves 

• "This usage ot the term has become traditional in the area and is used in cave reports." Tratman, NW-Clare 72
• "Interesting timing really, because this early cave report was found just months after the publication of Delving Deeper, Half a Century of Cave Discovery in New Zealand." Clarke, A Mystery Cave in New Zealand

• "By the end of the century, ten speleological societies were active in Europe; the most important of these for the future of serious cave research was Martel's Societe de Speleologie, establisched in Paris in 1895." Crane, Cave 32
• "The influence of universities in cave research has increased over the years until today it is quit significant." Shaw, cave science 241
• "Consequently, cave research without any permission cannot be kept incognito." Laumanns, Ninh Binh Province 11

• "I don't consider myself a cave researcher." Tom Alley-Interview, Caving International Magazine 9-1980 p 13
• "Balazs Holl, cave researcher drew my attention that these holes are likely to be imprints of the torches people used to light with through the ages until the 19th century." Laczi, Cave Archeologiy in Hungary 152

• "In the difficult task of cave rescue, where the injured must be moved through the harshest of terrains, his contributions have been outstanding." Eyre, Cave Explorers VII
• "The difficuly of cave rescue as distinct from mountain rescue or other forma of wilderness rescue was recognized with the formation of the Cave Rescue Organisation in Yorkshire in 1935 (the world's first cave rescue organisation) and the Mendip Rescue Organisation (renamed Mendip Cave Rescue in 2008) in Somerset the following year." Crane, Cave 83
• "In the event of an accident requiring the necessity to call for cave rescue the following procedure should be followed..." Stratford, South Wales 7

• "Puerto Rico has hosted regular cave rescue classes including the "national" event for the United States." Richards, Rio Camuy Cave 94
• "The volunteer instructors at the cave rescue classes are from both the island and the United States." Richards, Rio Camuy Cave 94

• "The difficuly of cave rescue as distinct from mountain rescue or other forma of wilderness rescue was recognized with the formation of the Cave Rescue Organisation in Yorkshire in 1935 (the world's first cave rescue organisation) and the Mendip Rescue Organisation (renamed Mendip Cave Rescue in 2008) in Somerset the following year." Crane, Cave 83
• "More than 50 presentations concerning cave-rescue equipment, problems, methodology, first aid, rescue training, accident origin statistics and cave rescue organisations were given." Hegedüs, cave rescue in Hungary 56
• "In Britain today groups are aware that the Cave Rescue Organisation can be called almost as easily as normal medical care - we have become too complacent." Thompson, Viewpoint 12-1981, p 3

• "Cave rescue teams were called out." Eyre, Jim (1981): The Cave Explorers, The Stalactite Press, Calgary 67
• "The cave rescue team practices its techniques continually both in and out of the cave to insure that its members maintain a high level of proficiency." Brändli, The Hölloch 17

• "Due to its particular tectonic position and geological evolution, Hainan has rich cave resources with special scientific significance and landscape value are precious nonrenewable geological relics." Wenqiang, Shi, Yuanhai Zhang, Karst caves in Hainan Province, China 303
• "In the future, the main issue to be solved on Hainan's cave resources is how to strengthen protection and explore cave resources rationally." Wenqiang, Shi, Yuanhai Zhang, Karst caves in Hainan Province, China 303
• "The major challenges that modern recreational cavers face are the increasing restrictions being placed upon them by cave managers who are attempting to protect the cave resource they are managing." Webb, Recreational Caving

• "Cave rivers and waterfalls, waist-deep mud, perilous chimneys, crawls and pits are all the places which qualify as especially hostile to photography." Williams, Cave photography 34
• "Just as the canoeist or kayaker gradually builds his experience of reading water, so the caver should build experience in cave rivers." Boon, Editorial 1980, 6&7, p 3
• "Three kinds of fish with eyes nearly gone, and red shrimps, have been found in the cave river." Jennings, Karst in China 10

• "The extent of cave rock in the North American continent is very much greater." Caving International Interview with Derek Ford, CIM 3-1979, p 19
• "Also, the gunite was shot up to several inches thick throughout most of the cave so that different types of cave rock could be carved into it."  Loftin, The Creation of Underground Worlds 348

(roof of the cave)

• "After wading through the stream for around 56 m, Casteret found himself in a 'disaging spot' where the cave roof disappeared below the water, and where the celebrated cave scientist René Gabriel Jeannel had previously been forced to stop." Crane, Cave 86
• "Thus, the cave belongs to the "infationary" pyroducts, i.e., the cave roof formed first and the lava kept flowing underneath invisible to any surface observer (had there been one)." Kempe, Galapagos 157
• "Hazards change from snow blindness to blizzards in a matter of minutes, and there is risk of falling through thin portions of the cave roof into one of the streams." Halliday, Glaciospeleology 32

• "Reddish orange with dark spots, the cave salamander begins life in the water." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 40

Violet entrance, Mammoth Cave

• How can we not be fascinated by the proteus, this completely depigmented and blind species of cave salamander (calles the 'human fish#) which can live for more than 100 years?" Crochet, Guiraud, Symphonie 323
• "Before the advent of scientific paleontology the discovery of bones in caves was taken as proof of their use by dragons, and the Slovenian Olm, Proteus, a blind cave salamander, was regarded as dragon-fly." Tolan-Smith, Folklore and Mythology

• "In the cave scene in Raiders of the Lost Ark, the cave is crawing with tarantulas- that's how som earachnophobic people imagine caves." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 48
• "In this crucial, disturbing cave scene Ondaatje intersects the multiple images of the womb and the tomb that are so frequently associated with caves in literature." Crane, Cave 135
• "Trickett is shown with theodolite, though the photo of him was actually taken in a studio and superimposed on the cave scene (Middleton, 19991:105)." Shaw, cave science 61

• The desire to forge new frontiers became mingled with a desire to trace our evolutionsary roots....Clearly this period was pivotal in the history of cave science, but the story of speleology's rapid growth is even today still only in its early chapters." Crane, Cave 34
• "The future of cave and karst microbiology research, and potentiallly most of the cave sciences, will improve by connecting phylogeny to function and by utilizing a combination of culture-, genomics-, and protocomics-based analyses." Engel, Microbes 23
• "There is a marked increase in the use of geological language in Auden's poem compared to Coleridge's, which is in keeping with the development of cave science between 1797, when Coleridge composed 'Kublan Khan', and 1948, when Auden wrote his poem." Crane, Cave 131

• "For the cave science historian Trevor Shaw, Baron Valvasor was the 'first true speleologist' for both the fullness of his descriptions an dhis original observation that caves and subterranean waterways are parts of a larger hydrological system." Crane, Cave 27
• "Cave science historians have noticed for a long time that the cave of Miremont has been surveyed early on but many questions remained unanswered." Gauchon, Miremont-Rouffignac Cave 47

• "Cave scientists distinguish between the geomorphology of 'true karst' - formed principally through the solution of rock by water - and 'pseudokarst' - in which caves and associated landforms develop through processes other than solution, from the weathering of rock by wind and rain or the erosive effects of turbulent melt water, to the flow of lava or the fracturing of rock by tectonic movements." Crane, Cave 23
• "Many cavers and cave scientists consider Frenchman Eduard Alfred Martel to be the father of modern speleology." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 104
• "For the cave scientists the system is loaded with opportunities to study and more fully understand the bizarre sequence of events that formed this and other caves in the region." Downey, Lechuguilla 21

• "Only the Wells Archaeological and Natural Society had a specialist cave section, the Mendip Nature Research Committee, and this was not created until 1906." Shaw, cave science 246
• "The end of this cave section is another high shaft chamber with stairs as well as a religious shrine." Laumanns, South Vietnam part 1, p 42
• "Hang Thien Cung...This cave section has almost no calcite formations and is much more muddy than the entrance gallery." Laumanns, Ninh Binh 84

• "Another important source for cave sediments is dust in the air." Ellis, Wombeyan 64
• "Recently workers at Kirkhead Cave have focused attention on to the cave sediments and have suggested that the lenses of gravel, cryoturbation and frost wedges at the top of the laminated clay sequence indicate the cold period of the late Devensian, Cirque, glaciation, pollen zone III." Waltham, NW-England 184
• "In such an unstable environment the sedimentary cover was largely cleared from the surface, with reworked remnants preserved in the cave sediments." Audra, Quinif, Rochette, Tennengebirge 

• "Whereas some explorers strictly refer to the length of the singular cave segments, in many cases also including the extension of the roof collapses itself, to represent a speleogenetically continuius former pyroduct and thus add all these data to a total length figure." Laumanns, Krong No Volcanic Park 19
• "Umm Jirsan....the above-mentioned length most likely also includes the extension of the collapse holes, open to the surface, which separate the cave segments." Laumanns, Saudi Arabia 177

• "Gaping Ghyll, at 109,7 m, is the deepest cave shaft in Britain." "While traces of prehistoric journeys into cave depths can only tell us partial stories, the distinctive experience of 'being-in-a-cave' suggests that Stone Age cave visitors had something in common with today's explorers." Crane, Cave 70
  
• "Sakana..The central cave shaft reaches a depth of 102 m and is considered the second deepest in Israel."  Langford, Laumanns, Israel 82
• The floor of the cave is a 333-meter (1,092 ft) freefall drop from the lowest side of the opening, with a 370-meter (1,214 ft) drop from the highest side, making it the largest known cave shaft in the world. WIKIPEDIA

• "A Buddhist "rock monastery" centred on several "caves" or "cave shelters" consisting of only little modified natural rock shelters between and beneath gneiss boulders, which have disintegrated in situ but nobody can object that it is much more imaginative to interpret them as "fallen from the mountains high above the valley." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 27
• "Caves and cave shelters were the initial home for prehistoric people."  http://cavesciencesrilanka.blogspot.com/2013/08/space-management-in-caves-architectural.html

• "In Thailand alone it is estimated that over 200 caves are regularly used as places of Buddhist worship, including the impressive Tham Khao Luang, which, like many other cave shrines in Thailand, is now also a firm fixture on the tourist trail." Crane, Cave 157
  
• "The use of cave shrines continued locally at least still the ninth century, for Northumbrian sceats of Eanred, Aethelred II and Vigmund have been found at Merlewood Cave in north Lancashire." Waltham, NW-England 200
• "Kham altars and inscriptions from the 9th and 10th centuries occur in Phong Nha Cave, north-central Vietnam. Cave shrines are also found amid the Huong Tich Mountains. In the Marble Mountains near Danang, one karst tower is a pilgrimage site and Buddhist temples have been established in its caves, together with some Confucian shrines." Kiernan, Religious Sites

• "Other notable archaeological cave sites in Australia are found in the karst areas in the inland southwestern part of Tasmania." Crane, Cave 113
• "Cord-impressed Beaker ware has been obtained from Attermire and Sewell's Cave, and whilst there are no C14 dates for Secondary Neolithic or Beaer burials from the North West, one has been established from a cave site, Antofts Windypit, Helmsley, in the North Riding, of 1800 BC +- 150." Waltham, NW-England 192
• "The important archaeologicial cave site Hang Con Moong is also located in the National Park but belongs to Thanh Hoa province." Laumanns, Ninh Binh Province 11

• "A number of guidelines relevant to the cave situation may be extracted from the uranium mines recommendations." Gamble, Alpha-radiation 255
• "Certainly the gear must be well-protected to survive dragging through water and mud, but just as important as protection is the ease of transport, expecially in severe cave situations." Williams, Cave photography 35

• "Macska Cave...Later the rock cracked and the blocks separated from one another, forming a cave-sized fissure." Eszterhasy, Szentes, Matra Mountains 38
• "Because of its brittleness, basalt tends to fracture into innumerable small cracks rather than large cave-sized forms." Halliday, Crevice Caves

• "The earliest cave society of all was the Höhlenclub of Appenzell in eastern Switzerland, which existed in the early 1860s." Shaw, cave science 247
• "The very great growth in the numbers of cave societies or clubs formed in the 20th century has included many which are concerned solely with the sporting side of cave exploring." Shaw, History of Cave Science 251

• "Cave soils and surfaces are often rather oligotrophic (nutrient poor) and actinomycetes are very well adapted to this type of environment." Ellis, Wombeyan 133
• "At one point into the cave, the gallery splits into two and a small climb down leads to running water in a non-muddy stream bed where the cave soil consists of gravels (without obvious precious stones) with a specific weight surpassing 2.7 (heavier than quartz or limestone) form ripple marks." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 23
• "Hauling heavy containers of cave soil and fauna across the cable was not always fun, but then neither was reconstructing several hundred metres of steep trails by hand." Elliott, Damming up the Caves, p 39

• "All that is needed is to incorporate the solid geometry of a given cave space into the compositional process." Brison, Fingal's Cave Overture 1909-2005
• "Surge of water, echo of wave in the cave-space behind me." MacFarlande, Underland 284
• "However, the occasional use of cave spaces for concerts or dancing has been found acceptable in most cases." Brison, Music in and about Caves

• "Both these and the other cave species needed in the laboratory were obtained from nearby caves and in 1903 the university bought the land containing Farm Cave." Shaw, cave science 242
• "In neighbouring Laos, four different cave species plus some epigean species occasionally found in cave entrances are reported."  Steiner, Biospeleology southern Vietnam 60
• "In neighbouring Laos, four different cave species with a clear geographic distribution pattern are found, a similar pattern is to be expected from Vietnam." Steiner, in: Laumanns, Ninh Binh 102

• "The communal cave spider builds a thick messy web with funnels inot which the spider retreats." Ellis, Wombeyan 122
• "Council Cave...This small cave is a stronghold for the endemic cave spider Spelungula cavenicola." NZSS Tomo Times, No. 164, 2004

• "A third type of writing about caves is the cave story."  Ganter, Caves in Magazines  121
• "The cave story appears in mass-circulation magazines or newspapers."  Ganter, Caves in Magazines 121

• "Tiny aquatic isopods live in cave streams." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 38
• "Because microbes colonize virtually every surface and interface with all zones of a cave system including in cave streams with dynamic geochemical interfaces, understanding microbial diversity and function is central to all of the karst-related sciences." Engel, Microbes 23
• "Below is a cave stream that leads to the wild section of Junction Cave and the spacious and beautifully decorated Olympian Cavern." Ellis, Wombeyan 49

• "However, the human impact on the cave structures themselves was probably of minor importance when comparing with the more recent examples of human dilapidation of the speleological patrimony." Borges, Conservation status 15
• "The galleries were formed in an inclined salt-rock and thin layers of gypsum, a special cave structure that's not widely spread in other caves." TEAM ICPM Israel 2023, 18

• "These cavers, for the most part, are or have been involved in one or more extensive cave study, research, exploration or other cave related project." Wilson, Solo Cave Myth 21
• "It was during the second half of the 19th century that a conscious effort was made to bring the various branches of cave study together, both in research and and in publication." Shaw, cave science 2
• "The earliest word used for this purpose in any language was Höhlenkunde, meaning cave study." Shaw, cave science 2

• "They may also touch cave surfaces or leave behind litter." Brush, Sustainable use 1
• "When humans enter a cave, they have the potential to...inflict wear and tear on cave surfaces (for example, both limestone and porous basalt surfaces in caves are readily worn down by passing foot traffic);" Brush, Sustainable use 2
• "The first shooting of gunite covered all the cave surfaces built at that time."  Loftin, The Creation of Underground Worlds 346

• "However, some of the cave surveys have been included with the descriptions." Ellis, Wombeyan 167
• "Two windows in p43, at a depth of 220-250 m, were shown on the cave survey made during the period, but remained unexplored." Klimchouk, Kubera 26
• "The first published cave survey of a natural cave, that of Pen Park Hole, in 1683." Shaw, cave science 240

• "Objectives of the cave surveying is to know the lava tube cave distribution, each direction relative to the eruption point (crater) by measuring the lava tube cave position and length in the KVG area and to know the structure of each lava tube cave by measuring the height, width, slope anlge and oberserving the inner structure of wall, ceiling and floor." La The Phuc, Krongno Volcano Geopark 301
• "In each team is at least onc cave-surveying expert and one or more persons who are skilled technical climbers." Brändli, The Hölloch 15
• "There is an obvious lack of professional cave surveying as well as of more thorough speleogenetic studies concerning the different typed of caves on this remote island." Pavuza, Czech, St. Helena 35

• "The ancient cave system revealed where an underground river hat cut through the limestone, leaving seven different levels high and dry and covered with beautiful calcite draperies." Eyre, Cave Explorers 33
• "The active speleologist and research scientist are probably the most severely exposed visitors to cave systems though visits are usually of less duration than guides." Gamble, Alpha-radiation 258
• "Mount Rainier....Winter trips haave never regained their proper role in the study of this cave system." Halliday, Glaciospeleology 32

• "Cave temperatures well away from entrances reflect the mean annual surface temperature (MAT) and this, in combination with stable isotopes, has been used in previous studies to determine paleotemperatures." Ellis, Wombeyan 77
• "Cave temperatures are constant and comfortable in both summer and winter, being about 52°F in the south of England, and 50° F in the north." Oldham, Discovering Caves 4
• "This is typical of tropical caves; the cave temperature here is probably nearly 20°C." Jennings, Karst in China 13

• "Religious monuments and shrines have been cut out of cliffs, rock shelters have been expanded inot cave temples; and churches have been built in the cathedral-like chambers of larger cave entrances." Crane, Cave 148
• "The Romans constructed cave temples dedicated to the underground god Mithras." McFarlane, Underland 184
• "On examining the cave temples of continental India, they appear to exhibit three stages of progress: first mehre unadorned cells, like those formed..in the granite rocks of Behar..." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 12

• "Makuch..Mapped to 520 m by A. Zeidner and Y. Miron, hampered by a large amount of dangerous cave ticks." Langford, Laumanns, Israel 80
• "Tsavoa...The activity of large mammals in the cave led to the presence of dangerous cave ticks throughout the cave, even in areas difficult to access."  Langford, Laumanns, Israel 81

• "Aggtelek National Park in Hungary offers not only recreational cave tours for tourists but also speleotherapy for children with asthma in Beke Cave, which was declared a medicinal cave in 1965." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities  98
• "....Wookey Hole theme park, where again the cave tour is only one of the several activities on offer, and visitors wishing to see Gough's Cave or Cox's Cave must by a Cheddar Gorge and Caves Explorer ticket, which also includes entry to the Crystal Quest fantasy adventure, the Cheddar Man Museum..." Crane, Cave 172
• "If the fundamentals remain, many innovations, by little touches have rejuvenated the ageing tourist product represented by the conventional cave tour." Gauchon, new about underground tourism 96

• "Cave tourism dates back to the beginning of the sixteenth century when people began to visit the spectacular Postojnska jama in Slovenia on a regular basis." Crane, Cave 160
• "In early November 2003, during research for the book by Nic Haygarth and Arthur Clarke on the History of Cave Tourism in Tasmania, an old newspaper was found with an article about a "new" cave discovery in New Zealand." Clarke, A Mystery Cave in New Zealand
• "Dr. Wellange stresse that dark caves are threatened by improper landscape management and disturbance due to unregulated cave tourism." Hetiarachchi, Into the 'Beast' 

• "Postojna jama...The most significant development, however, took place in 1872 when rails were laid and the first cave train, originally pushed by the guides, began to carry tourists." Crane, Cave 161
  

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• "In spite of these testimonials, modern park rangers don't recommend cave trips for people with dysentery, diarrhea, or delicate health." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 96
• "Thus all you really need for an enjoyable Nullabor cave trip are boots and a camera." Lewis, The Nullabor Plain 4
• "The Greater Cincinnati Grotto has had a long association with the museum, teaching classes on caves and caving for museum members, and leading cave trips." Agnew, Jeckering, The Cavern 287

• "It was from the caverns of the Misty Mountains that the cave trolls emerged." Crane, Cave 136
• "Tolkien...The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings tell of adventures with orcs, goblins, dwarves, dragons, and a cave troll, all found under the Earth." Stewart, Caves in Ficiton 423

• "The marks on the walls reflect the number of lava flows or eruption episodes having been through the cave tube over time." La The Phuc, Krongno Volcano Geopark 307
• "Primarily, small cave tubes can be incorporated in lava flows." "La The Phuc, Krongno Volcano Geopark 316

• "Thrill-seeking visitors can choose from a wide range of subterranean adventure tours that offer activities such as cave tubing (blackwater rafting), abseiling, climbing, underground flying foxes ..." Crane, Cave 186
  

• "This cave type is called Karava, shallow cave, not longer than 20-30 m." Ciszewski, Easter Island 37
• "It forms an up to now singular cave type, not only pirating the stream of a neighboring valley but also featuring sumps and chutes where the water moves upward, similar to the water flow in karstic caves under phreatic conditions."  Kempe, Lava Caves 55
• "They occur at all levels in the limestone islands, and are distinguished from the other cave types by their sloping passages and considerable vertical range." Waltham, Ha Long Bay, p 6

use of caves

• "A decline of cave use since 1000 B.P. is attributed to an increase in warmth and dryness but the improved tools available promoted this interchange, withe edge-ground axes for hut construction and points for making skin cloaks." Jennnings, Man and other animals in Australian caves 109
• "Single rope techniques, wet suits and Scuba have revolutionised caving, and much of their development for cave use has been done by Americans." Watson, Red (1980): Speleologia The Zephyrus Press Experience, p 33
• "The first and very important ritual cave use is the burial function." Laczi, Cave Archeologiy in Hungary 152

• "The year 2000 is also the boundary of the cave utilization of Hainan Province." Wenqiang, Shi, Yuanhai Zhang, Karst caves in Hainan Province, China 306
• "After 2000, with the swift development of Hainan's tourist industry and the gradual developement of investigation on geological relic resources, cave utilization entered a new stage." Wenqiang, Shi, Yuanhai Zhang, Karst caves in Hainan Province, China 306

• "Initiallly the Adventure Race application was turned down as there was insufficient information provided on cave values, potential threats and mitigation measures." Carden, The Race
• "The main reason for doing this was to ensure that cave values were protected though it also meant that competitors had no chance to get lost." Carden, The Race
• "The NSW system is comprehensive and balances protection of cave values with generally modest levels of access by speleos." Brush, Sustainable use 11

• "This was from cave visits by non-specialist travellers, whether they were visiting little known lands or merely going on a holiday or the Grand Tour of Europe." Shaw, cave science 245
• "However, the majority of caver visits around the world are still for the pure joy of going caving and showing visitors or first-time cavers the fun, beauty, and tranquility of the cave environment and terrible vandalism, both deliberate and accidental, has been inflicted on many caves." Webb, Recreational Caving

• "On tours, cave visitors may see marine-fossils such as coral and crinoids that became fossilized as the limestone formed under the sea, but the cave also holds treasures that few people see." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 21
• "While traces of prehistoric journeys into cave depths can only tell us partial stories, the distinctive experience of 'being-in-a-cave' suggests that Stone Age cave visitors had something in common with today's explorers." Crane, Cave 69
• "broken speleothems.....Earthquakes might be one reason; cave visitors - human, scientists or other animals - are another." Spate, Did the earth move 

• "A large fire burns behind the prisoners and a procession of men carrying stone figures passes above them, casting shadows as in a puppet show onto the cave wall." Crane, Cave 16
• "It is possible to establish how many times Wombeyan Creek flowed through this chamber, but cemented river gravels and red clay can be seen perched at numerous levels on the cavern wall. Ellis, Wombeyan 49
• "AA CAVE...None, mentions recesses or niches and an air temperature inducing sweat before referring to "une paroi creusée de cupules" (a cave wall marked with "scallops" or shallow cavities) and narrating how he grabbed from the cave floor handfuls of "corindon" (corundum) crystals, which later were identified as altered garnet." Gebauer,Sri Lanka 21

• "Kentuckx's cave country was struck by war in the early to midtwentieth century: a cave war." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 111
• "Cave wars between rival commercial hucksters, locked entrances, stolen keys, clandestine night raids, closely guarded maps, stolen survey data, and 'secret'caves have long been the norm." Coons, Engle, In Morrisons's Footsteps, p 29

• "Such limestone is resistant to acid breakdown; instead of being dissolved by cave waters, it tends to collapse into blocks, having the effect of ponding large amounts of water and preventing further cave development." Eyre, Cave Explorers 238
• "Some cave waters are so heavy or treacherous they should on no account be entered." Boon, Editorial 1980, 6&7, p 3
• "Although no streams of the order of the Giedd or Haffes are developed on them there are many smaller streams and quite extensive peat bogs which are known to contribute to the cave waters." ACC, Dan yr Ogof 247

• "This chapter examines the various ways in which cave work was encouraged and disseminated - by books and publications, by museum collections and lectures, by government sponsorship and by the activities of scientific societies." Shaw, cave science 240
• "Caspar Wolf...Several of his cave works are on permanent view in the Museum in Aargau, Switzerland, his most famous being of Beatushöhle, a major cave system of the middle alpine regions of Switzerland." Shrewsbury, Cave Art 
• "The above verses are not only interesting as possibly a direct allusion to Buckland's diluvial theory and cave work, but especially so because they link the deciphering of the diluvian records to the metaphor of the Earth's sighs that are interpreted by the geologist." Sommer, The Romantic Cave? 188

• "There are no clear divisions between the three cave 'zones' - or indeed between the cave and the surface environment - expecially in metereological and ecological terms." Crane, Cave 22
• "In all cases, sites were selected to show the transition from entrance to deep cave zones, and variations from constricted passages in large chambers as appropriate to individual caves." Gamble, Alpha-radiation 257
• "Consequently, the genetic diversity of cave and karst microbial communities may be particularly important to characterize and understand microbial species and ecotype concepts because of the global distribution of caves having similar hysico-chemical constraints from cave zone to cave zone, and frm cave to cave in different regions." Engel, Microbes 23

• "These pits are of interest mainly as analogues of the first cavelike sinkholes discovered on Mars and the Moon."  Kempe, Lava Caves 55
• "Muktinath....The darkness within a curtained cave-like recess beneath the altar in a simple Buddhist gompa is lit by a natural fire burning gas that issues from rock crevices beside the emerging springwater." Kiernan, Religious Sites

• "Were the Native Americans at Mammoth Cave "cavemen"?" O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 72
• "Emerging from the cave, I was once more in the sunlit world of twentieth-century France, back again with my own brand of primitive cavemen as we moved on the lush, wooded foothills of the Pyrénées." Eyre, Cave Explorers 73
• "I had been visited by a reporter from the Daily Express who had me loading and unloading my Ford van serveral times and then published a photograph, and half a column on my wife Rose, with headlines that read Nymphomaniac cooks for forty cavemen -or something like that." Eyre, Cave Explorers 123

• "A caver can see only a small section of passage at any one time." Crane, Cave 38
• "However, such is the way of cavers, that it was eighteen years before full documentation was complete and even as it left the printers, it was out of date, because even more cave passages had been discovered." Eyre, Cave Explorers 35
• "Battered gypsum crust und stone worn from beating on other rocks indicate prehistoric cavers were mining gypsum from the walls." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 73
• "a person whose hobby is exploring caves" Oldham, Discovering Caves 6

• "High forested limestone and high rainfall combine to make New Guinea a caver's dream." Montgomery, Atea Expeditions 7
• "Grotte Chauvert... It was every caver's dream: to be the first to discover a chamber of such dimensions, and to explore the systems with which it was connected." MacFarlande, Underland 20

• "Caver accounts tell about caves, but also caving. Often they are written in the first person, and may contain anecdotes, humor, philosophical asides, personnal refletions etc." Ganter, Caves in Magazines 121
• "I love to read and write caver accounts."  Ganter, Caves in Magazines 121

• "I come to call this cavercentrism, the implicit belief that the world of caving revolves around cavers."  Ganter, Caves in Magazines 124
• "It is because of cavercentrism and hubris that in analyzing the costs and benefits of publicity, I will consider theme separately."  Ganter, Caves in Magazines 125

• "You once raised me from the depths of despair to an elevation of happiness that was high as the highest pinnacle of the caverns of Kentucky; raising me from the depts of Chimborazo." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 185
• "Groups of speleothems gather in alcoves on the walls and in numerous places around this cavern." Ellis, Wombeyan 49
• "Mud Hall consists of a cavern almost comparable in size with the Main Chamber, but the absence of daylight, the liberal coating of mud on walls and floor, and the curious ridge which partially divides it make it difficult to appreciate its true shape and size." Waltham, North-West England 364
• "either a large extensive cave system with large chambers, or a large chamber with a cave system" Oldham, Discovering Caves 6
• ".in the blue cavern of an echoing deep.." Oscar Wilde, The Grave of Shelley

• "It is unclear why both Carlsbad and Lechuguilla are so much larger than their sister caves, but Lechuguilla obviously shares with other Guadelupe caves an unusual moder of origin in which sulphuric acid caused a major part of the cavern enlargement." Davis, Uniqueness of Lechuguilla 426
• "The science of cave geomicrobiology as a science, with new insights suggesting that cave microorganisms may be involved in processes as varied as speleothem deposition to cavern enlargement." Barton, Introduction 48

• "Than, it is important to investigate how widespread are cavernicolous fauna to better conserve it." Borges, Pereira, Indicators of Conservation Value, p 109
• "Cixux cavazoricus Hoch is a relict species, i.e., a cavernicolous species which has no close epigean relatives on the same, or neighboring islands." Borges, Azores 132

• "It is now widely recognised that a water-table, in the classical sense, does not generally exist in caverous limestones having an essentially secondary permeability via fractures; local geological features have such a strong influence on the cave patterns that any proposed water-table relating to the main drainage channels becomes an impossibly complex and irregular surface." Waltham, North-West England 80 
• "Participants in early European voyages encountered Iceland, then other cavernous volcanic island terrains in the Atlantic Ocean." Halliday, Vulcanospeleology 173
• "..virtually no exploration of potentially cavernous lavas has taken place." Wood, Zhang, Volcanic Centers China 123

• "In 1953 C.H.D. Cullingford, an early British authority on caving, described speleology as 'an infant science'." Crane, Cave 34
• "This was a new dimension to caving, and we achieved our first success in Easegill as we tackled a boisterous waterfall at the end of a major inlet that rejoiced in the name of Green and Smelly, a name given by the underground team during the original exploration." Eyre, Cave Explorers 36
• "I personally don't recommend rum for caving!" O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 104
• "Caving is more a question of one obstacle following another obstacle following another obstacle und the action is gradually built up." CIM Interview (Mike Boon) with Sid Perou 10

• "There have already been three fatal caving accidents in Scotland." Oldham, Scotland ix
• "Caving accidents seem to have an air of inebitability, it is as if there is a Minotaur who must have his fill of killed and maimed each year." Boon, Weighing up the odds 3
• "This cave owner has become aware of caving accidents and he has little difficulty in imagining how one could affect his life and livelihood."  Ganter, Caves in Magazines 125

• "There's usually a flurry of caving acitivity each summer as warmer weather arrives - at least in the Northern Hemisphere - and snow melts from the mountain karst areas." Thompson, Editorial 3-1979, p  
• "A few years ago, winter was a relatively calm period for caving activities in Europe, the high altitude karsts being covered by a thick layer of snow." Degrave, The European Caving Scene 12-1981, p 14
• "At first, my caving activities were confined to the karst areas of southeastern Australia, apart from an occasional trip to volcanic caves in western Victoria." Brush, Sustainable use 1

• "Now in the 1970 with motorways leading from every caving region to Scotland, the legions of cavers are following in the footsteps of the climbers, and discovering for themselves the advantages of Britain's most underrated caving area." Oldham,  Scotland 
• "The 1978 Royal Geographical Society's Expedition to Gunong Mulu established the National Park as one of the world's greatest caving areas and it was hardly surprising that a follow-up expedition should be plannes." Eavis, Willis, Dodd, Cathay-Pacific Airways MULU 80, p 18
• "The incidence of petty thefts being reported from various caving areas promots me to the conclusion that the time has arrived to draw attention to some basic crime prevention measures which may help to reduce losses and the inherent risks that in some cases are suggested by thefts involving persons engaged in potentially hazardous pursuits." Jeffreys, The Criminal Underground 35

• "More hordes of caving blokes appear,
  Though cavers increase, caves, I fear,
  Remain a piteous few." Song of Overcrowding, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 123
• "He landed in the Witches Kitchen
  Confounding every caving bloke
  Who thought he'd get to Rodney Stoke." Alfi, Reflections 16

• "Come all ye odds and caving bods and hearken to this song,
  As ye quaff your ale. I'll tell this tale of a damsel treated wrong.." The Ballad of Priddy Green, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 105
• "And nightly, in the pubs that sold it,
  Would demonstrate that he could hold it
  While caving bods would congregate.." Alfi, Reflections 49

• "I was an avid reader of Norbert Casteret's prolific output of caving books, and determined someday to explore some of the mysterious caverns he desccribed so well." Eyre, Cave Explorers 71
• "The armchair specialist has had a bit of a lean time recently with little of real note in the British caving books scene for a few years." Waltham, The British Caving Scene 9-1980 p 23
• "We recently purchased a large stock of caving books (from Zephyrus Press) in order to be able to offer tham to interested cavers." Caving International Interview with Peter Lindsley, CIM 12-1981, p 13

• "We managed to bring her to the surface and she finished her caving career as a happy mother a few years later." Hegedüs, cave rescue in Hungary 55
• "I'd done a few sumps at an early stage of my caving career." Yeadon, Cave Diving 19
• "Sooner of later in one's caving career, reference is made to caving as allowing a return to the quietness of the womb, or an opportunity to enter virgin passage." Saunders, Psychogeography 57

• Jim Eyre has long been a legend in British caving circles, and had top cavers, like climbers, become household names would have been widely known." Eyre, Cave Explorers VII
• "Rumours travel notoriously fast in caving circles and cavers are fiercely competitive, so this announcement quickly resulted in decisions by several other teams to make attempts also; before anyone else, if possible." Courbon, The Conquest of Pierre Saint-Martin 21
• "The U.S. cavers involved in the Huautly Project have been visiting the area on and off for 15 years now, and, given the publicity the area has received in caving circles, it is hardly surprising that others are showing an interest." Thompson, Editorial 8-1980, p 3

• "One a.m. saw us still in wet caving clothes, having a brew at the Ingleton Transport Cafe, when we were told that Leeds University students were overdue, having gone down Peg Leg." Eyre, Cave Explorers 
• "Indeed, the gouffre Berger is very dirty, polluted by many cavers, but mainly by English cavers who have abandoned maybe tons of litter in the cave: tents, caving clothes, food, even comics.." Paul Courbon, Caving Internantional Magazine-Interview, p 15
• "I've got a few bottons, some old caving clothes,
  But I've paid, Bobby Bagshaw, I've paid." I've been to the sump in Stoke Lane, in: Cornwell-Smith, They Words 104
  Carolina Shrewsbury after a trip to Goyden Pot, Yorkshire

• "The Cambrian Caving Council is an association of caving clubs and organisations." Stratford, South Wales 6
• "At present, there are caving clubs only in Kenya, South Africa and South West Africa." Striniati, Caving in Africa 27
• "In 1972 the British Speleological Expedition to Ethiopia, which drew on members of various caving clubs including two from the Preston Cave Club, surveyed the full length of the system (Sof Omar), which at 15.1 km is the longst in Ethiopia." Crane, Cave 150

• "Most of these solo cavers are well-known in the caving community, but not all are." Wilson, Solo Cave Myth 21
• "In the worldwide caving community everyone knows Philppe and Annie." Crochet, Guiraud, Symponie 7
• "Over the last several decades in Australia there have been increasing pressures on both volcanic and karst caves but there has also been significant change in how caves are managed and in how the organized caving community has responded to the challenge of minimising the impact of its activities." Brush, Sustainable use 3

• "This may have provided some of the incentive to start solo caving, as caving companions may not have been available when needed." Wilson, Solo Cave Myth 21
• "We had professors, a peer, diplomats, a film crew, Generals, Ph.D.'s from a dozen disciplines and even the first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong, as caving companions." Frankland, Los Tayos 11

• "For some, caving is basically common sense, but for most people the best way to learn is with experienced cavers under actual caving conditions." Stratford, South Wales 5
• "..a solo trip to the Salle Verna via the Lepineux pits. Such a trip, using ropes and ladders, would place me under the most difficult caving conditions." Courbon, PSM 22
• "Compact rangefinders are moderately priced and make a good second cave camera for those who use an SLR under normal caving conditions." Williams, Cave photography 35

• "In Derby was a caving crew.
  Mark well what I do say..." Cavers' Tavern Song, in Cornwell-Smith, They words 32
• "But Dennis was a chappie who
  Had lately joined a caving crew
  And straightway set out, all alone.." Alfi, Reflections 21

• "He wrote books on speleology and developed caving equipment and techniques tht made previously inaccessible caves accessible." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 104
• "In late July I arrived at Buxton where I had my van loaded with caving equipment, and much to my astonishment, boxes and boxes of toffees and chocolate." Eyre, Cave Explorers 124
• "Fernand Petzl is probably best known to Caving International readers as a manufacturer of caving equipment, but he is also a caver of long experience and , although approaching retirement age, he still goes caving occasionally." CI interview with Fernand Petzl 54

• "Now, thanks to the increased awareness most cavers have for the fragile nature of the underground, caving ethics is a topic most people take seriously." Thompson, Expedition Ethics 3
• "I'm referring specifically to Mexico, where differences in culture und caving ethics have caused ill-feelings between American and European cavers." Thompson, Expedition Ethics 3

• "'I thought we were going on a caving expediton!' I exclaimed." Eyre, Cave Explorers 124
• "Hawaii Island may at first appear to be an unusual venue for a caving expedition, for it is totally volcanic and geologically very yound." Wood, Caves on the Hawaiian Volcanoes 4
• "It was a real caving expediton." England, Zoolithenhohle 8

• "I was completely fascinated with the mystery and excitement of this, my first caving experience." Eyre, Cave Explorers 3
• "People with no caving experience who are interested in joining CRF can join a caving organization such as the National Speleological Society to get some experience before moving on to some challenging caving with CRF at Mammoth." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 105
• "However, we made many firm friends and the huge river caves of Slovenia have since given me some fine caving experiences." Eyr, Cave Explorers 101

• "The first step in a caving exploration is to leave daylight behind and momentarily to abandon everything that makes it so pleasant: the light and warmth of the sun, the sounds of nature, the scents of wet grass and warm soil". Crochet, Guiraud, Symponie 19
• "Apart from the prehistoric frequentations, as concerns the main topic of this article, that is caving explorations, the pioneering activity actually began during th 19th century, and had a tragic end: in 1889, two brothers from a nearby town entered the Castelcivit cave using oil lamps to explore the system, still unknown at that time." Del Vecchio, Alburni 43

• "Sid Perou ist certainly the best known cave film-maker in the U.K. and is now gathering international acclaim for his caving films." CIM Interview (Mike Boon) with Sid Perou 7
• "One of the difficulties with caving films generally is that the preconceived notions of the public and the media have been forced on the subject." CIM Interview (Mike Boon) with Sid Perou 9

• "Edmund J. Mason....It was a challenge and an adventure and I appreciated the companionship of the caving fraternity..but there is a good deal more in caving than mere adventure." Crane, Cave 66
• "It might be said that the six lads who were missing constituted the cream of the caving fraternity of that time." Eyre, Cave Explorers 193
• "The bulk of the local caving fraternity is little involved in this exploration, which is largely conducted by mainland parties." Kiernan, Caves of Tasmania 39

• "Around 100 m from the cliff, we felt a superb cooling draught, and with an entrance of 30 m x 15 m we excitedly changed into our caving gear." Limbert, Phong Nha, p 6
• "I was fairly well placed to make caving gear, but apart from the scaling pole used in the Glaz and ladders for the Berger, the question hadn't really arisen." CI interview with Fernand Petzl  56
• "The biggest impact people can have to microbial ecosystems in caves is not washing caving gear and seeding one cave with another cave's microbes." Barton, Introduction51

• "Along with members of the British Speleologicla Association and other fledgling caving groups we discover many miles of passages in thix complex cave, narrowly avoid being drowned in a flood." Eyre, Cave Explorers 29
• "The concept of racing in caves was met with strong opposition from NZ caving groups and ACKMA members." Carden, The Race
• "While exploration of the same cave by rival caving groups has some history, it is a history  blurred by the building upon the findings of others and by the flow of individual cavers between groups." Hoemann, Viewpoint 16

• "I moved into the caving hut as many have done before, lived on next to nothing, spent all the money I had in the bank over the first year, put forward an idea to make a film about Gaping Ghyll and had it turned down." CIM Interview (Mike Boon) with Sid Perou 9
• "At least in Wales you could stay at the caving hut, even though the men were segregated from the women." Caving International Magazine Inverview with Julia James 14-1982, p 7
• "It started off as all types of songs: caving songs, vulgar songs or traditional folk songs sung in the local pub, campsite or caving hut." Cornwell-Smith, They words 3
  Hut near Ogof Ffynnon Ddu/Südwales

• "If this fails a campaign in the caving journals could be started to embarass the pirates." Thompson, Speleo-Piracy p 3
• "By the end of the 20th century, there were at least 2000 caving journals worldwide, but just 120 years earlier none existed." Forti, Journals on Caves
• "Although, or perhaps because it falls into none of the above categories, special mention should be made of  DESCENT, which is the only commercial caving journal that is independent of any club or national body." Forti, Journals on Caves

• "When a caving lad his helmt doffed, and said: I know a comely loft,
  Alll strewn with hay exceeding soft! "The Ballad of Priddy Green, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 44
• "So let every caving lad raise up his glass, 
  and bring back our old songs like 'A' stands for..." They words, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 120

• "Never climb a caving ladder in boots with hook fastenings, they always snag." Oldham, Scotland viii
• "Bagshawe Cavern..A 30-foot pothole, or shaft which requires a caving ladder for descent, may be seen in the floor, but the show cave continues upstream from this point in a wide, boulderstrewn sandy floored, dry, stream passage, containg some interesting ripple marks in the sand - a reminder of the presence of water in caves." Oldham, Discovering Caves
  

• "He puts the kiss of death on everything he sees,
  From caving lamps to thins S.R.T.
  He's a ruddy evil bugger.." The Man Who Put the Dick In Diccan Pot, in Cornwell-Smith, They words 164
• "I've come to talk with you again. 
  Because I bought myself a caving lamp,
  That didn't really like the cold and damp..." Hello Darkness My Old Fried, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 173

• His contributions to caving literature are highly amusing and have been avidly read." Eyre, Cave Explorers VIII
• "He later recalled the service, in what has become among the most celebrated passages of caving literature for its convergence of theology and geology..." McFarlane, Underland 195
• "He later recalled the service, in what has become among the most celebrated passages of caving literature for its convergene of theology and geology." MacFarlane, Underland 195

• "Following the creation of the Society of Speleology in 1895, the first caving magazine in the world, Spelunca, was born in 1895." Chirol, A history 7
• "Yet another another caving magazine on the market." Thompson, A Note from the Publisher 1-1978, p 2
• "Following the creation of the Societ of Speleology in 1895, the first caving magazine in the world, Spelunca, was born in 1895". Chirol, A history of French speleology 7

• "Being constantly transferred made caving difficult for me, either because I could find no team-mates or because I found the caving methods of the clubs I did join not to my taste." Courbon, PSM 22
• "British, American, and French caving methods tend to develop on a national scale because of the large numbers of cavers in those countries." Caving International Magazine Inverview with Julia James 14-1982, p 8

• "Implicit in this offer is the assumption that Caving International will be published on time, especially in the summer and fall when caving news is the most interesting." "There are various major caving projects planned in Europe, particularly in the big Austrian caves, and in North America, notably in Wyoming and Montana, where large, deep alpine caves await exploration." Thompson, Editorial 3-1979, p 2
• "As the title implies we want to cover the international caving scene by reporting on expeditions in new areas, caving news from abroad, and developments in caving equipment and techniques regardless of their country of origin." Thompson, A Note from the Publisher 1-1978, p 2

• "Ardéche, set the perfect canvas for a fantastic week of caving opportunity and interactions." Ed Schultz, in: Crochet, Guiraud, Arnaud, 6 th International Meeting of Cave Photographers 46
• "Water from the glaciers, which retreated after the Ica Age, formed some great caving opportunities of extreme depths on many high karstic plateaus." Gabrovsek, Vandima 30

• "People with no caving experience who are interested in joining CRF can join a caving organization such as the National Speleological Society to get some experience before moving on to some challenging caving with CRF at Mammoth." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 105
• "It may be that the methods of sample selection biased the results in favour of more experienced, well-known older cavers who are affiliated with caving organisations." Wilson, Solo Cave Myth 21
• "Exploration and survey of lava caves is mostly carried out by private caving organiszatios and not by the professional volcanological community." Laumanns, Krong No Volcanic Park  8

• "If a caving party doesn't return on time, people on surface watch can check the entrance the party used and begin rescue procedures if needed." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 107
• "The sequence of discoveries has been described but any caving party visiting the area may still find new passages by a more detailed examination of a known cave and may even find entirely new caves." Tratman, NW-Clare 31

• "Caving potential on Sri Lanka must be about nil." Wilson, Southern Sri Lanka 23
• "The initital expedition paved the way for access to Meghalaya and established that there was indeed considerable caving potential." Brooks, Caving in the abode 36

• "There are various major caving projects planned in Europe, particularly in the big Austrian caves, and in North America, notably in Wyoming and Montana, where large, deep alpine caves await exploration." Thompson, Editorial 3-1979, p 2
• "What are the important caving projects underway in France just now?" Paul Courbon, Caving Internantional Magazine-Interview, p 15
• "Cavers from all over the world are waiting for news from certain caving projects." Degrave, The European Caving Scene 13-1981, 27

• "Although still in existence today, relatively little of their work has been documented and there is no specific caving publication." Price, Malaysia 4
• "If you feel the urge to write about caves, do so in accounts or descriptions in caving publications." Ganter, Caves in Magazines 128

• "Now in the 1970 with motorways leading from every caving region to Scotland, the legions of cavers are following in the footsteps of the climbers, and discovering for themselves the advantages of Britain's most underrated caving area." Oldham,  Scotland 
• "This agreement has been of vital importance to continued exploration and scientific investigation and provides an excellent example of co-operation of a type which is unfortunately an exception in some caving regions." ACC, Dan yr Ogof 253
• "The principal type (quantitatively dominant in most caving regions) is the unconfined (or hypogenic, epigenic) meteroric water cave system." Ford, From Olomouc 1973, p 15

• "Most caving ropes are made from nylon, although for a time single metal wire ropes with special ascending and descending devices were used." Eavis, Exploring Caves
• "For very wet caves or surface canyons, floating rope is often used, although the strength and abrasion resistance are not as high as other caving ropes." Eavis, Exploring Caves
  Matienzo, Spain
• Rope: 11m or 12mm caving ropes are preferable. https://ropewiki.com/Sotano_de_las_Golondrinas

• "The BSA and the immediate post-war British caving scene was dominated by Eli Simpson, a fine old caver." Eyre, Cave Explorers 29
• "We were sad that we could not bring a team back home, teach them a technique or two and inject a new breed of hard men into the Britisch caving scene." Frankland, Los Tayos 13
• "There's still a great del to be done on the caving scene yet." CIM Interview (Mike Boon) with Sid Perou 15

• "For my sources of information I have leaned heavily on the publications of two of the leading caving societies of Scotland - The Grampian Speleological Group and the Glasgow Speleological Society." Oldham, Scotland iii
• "Since the release of the book there has been a handful of dedicated cavers continuing the exploration of the karst on a consistent basis, although many other caving societies have made significant contributions." Ellis, Wombeyan 167
• "One of the first jubilees celebrated by caving societies was the 20th anniversary of the section"Küstenland" of the Austrian and German Alpine Club (Triest) in 1893." Mattes, Giving us an identity 78

• "It started off as all types of songs: caving songs, vulgar songs or traditional folk songs sung in the local pub, campsite or caving hut." Cornwell-Smith, They words 3
• "The Hunters Lodge is the scene of many wrongs,
  But worst of all it's vices are the filthy caving songs.." The Hunters Lodge, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 116
• "It started when some caver had nothing else to do,
  Sat down and wrote a caving song while finishing his stew,
  Now cavers have to work like hell to make these songs come true.." The Mendip Musicians, in Cornwell-Smith, They words 118

• "He commented on the lack of what he regarded as an important caving supply: I felt most irritated by the strict application of the Anti-alcohol laws in the dry State of Kentucky." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 104
• "They first prepare a detailed list of both bivouac and caving supplies necessary for their 10-day expediton." Brändli, The Hölloch 15

• "In 2012 a 200-strong European caving team led by Rémy Limagne attempted to explore and map the far reaches of this vast system, now ranked the 28th deepest cave in the world." Crane, Cave 78
• "When the original caving team reached Borneo via the kind services of the RAF, the expedition base camp at Long Pala was reached by a 290 kilometre journey up the Baram, Tutoh and Melinau Rivers from the town of Miri." Brook, Waltham, Mulu part 1, 3
• "The caving team carried on investigating other openings in the sheer walls of the valley." Brook, D., Waltham, A.C. (1979): The Underworld of Mulu, part 2, Caving International Magazine 2, p 3

• "Need and experiment led to new caving techniques and advances in equipment." Crane, Cave 78
• "I should mention that a preliminary cleaning of the ledges and the use of modern caving techniques which prevent the rope from causing rockfalls considerably limits the danger." Courbon, PSM 22
• "The pit of the Valley of Sighs was going to prove difficult to explore, demanding cavers in top physical shape, having a complete mastery of caving techniques." Le Provencal, Beneath 41

• "Tirkey, a (2002) composed a professional wording which provides a touching cave conservation message supported by a readable narrative of a recreational caving tour into Krem Krharasnliang illuminated with carbide lamps." Gebauer, Lumshnong 133
• "The same applies to guided caving tours, which give novices the opportunity to experience the thrill of adventure." Crochet, Guiraud, Symponie 19

• "However, apart from this incident, we had an enjoyable caving trip, and Saturday evening saw us, slightly bedraggled with mud behind our ears, heading for the back room of the Eagle where the local cavers congregated of a Saturday evening." Eyre, Cave Explorers 122
• "A large swath was cut in the forest above the sink and a base camp established which, with hot showers, electric lights, log bunkrooms and a helipad, must equal anything ever seen on a caving trip." Montgomery, Atea Expeditions 9
• "The style in which a caving trip is done is something that everyone can think about." Thompson, Doing it in Style 3

• "Now just as it happened, a male caving type,
  This maid to the pothole, had trailed....."When her carbide lamp totally failed, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 44
• "I'll firmly close the lower door
  And float back up again once more.
  All other caving types may then
  Float up and down like gentlemen." Alfi, Reflections 12
• "..and singing songs like 'Caviar'
  The caving types would stay at home
  And read some intellectual tome.." Alfi, Reflections 22

• "Under the tutelagew of he father of modern French cave exploration, Norbert Casteret, Loubens led numerous mid twentieth-century explorations in the Pyrenees, which were at that time considered 'the Himalayas' of the caving world." McFarlane, Underland 193
• "We are known outside the caving world, too." Watson, Red (1980): Speleologia The Zephyrus Press Experience, p 33
• "In the past, efforts made by women on expeditions often go unrecognized by most of the caving world." Jill Dorman, Letter to the Editor, Caving Internatiional Magazine 9-1980, p 48

• "The importance of collapse in cave formation has frequently been overestimated, as it can only be a secondary process; collapse can only take place into a previously opened cavity." Waltham, North-West England 95
• "Due to the large, hall-like cavity that formed, a secondary roof froze out over the active flow of Huehue."  Kempe, Lava Caves 53
• "I was told that the water was analyzed for phosphorous and if it were found in sufficient quantity, this would indicate the possibility of another cavity about the location of the bottle." England, Zoolithenhohle 8

• "These incluce cliff-foot caves, shallow horizontal caves due to the sideways solution by flood waters and saturated soil, but these do not seem to be as frequent as might be expected to explain the very steep sides of many of the peaks right down to depression floors." Jennings, Karst in China 12
• "Cliff-foot caves and swamp caves are rare but abandoned river cave entrances are common at least to heights of 50 metres." Jennings, Karst in China 13
• "Some towers have vertical walls, others have sloping walls, some have a rock apron, others are vertical at their bases; some are symmetrical, others are not...some have cliff-foot caves, others do not; some have active or fossil solution notches, others do not..." Waltham, Tony, Impressions of Guillin  9

• "Because of the variet of their genetic processes and the variety of terrains in which these caves exist (and also because of limited communication), local terminologies have arisen, including breakaway caves, cambering caves, closed joint caves, crack caves, crevasse caves, crevasses, earth cracks, earthquake cracks, eruptive fissures, fissure caves, gravity-sliding caves, gulls, gull caves, joint caves, mass displacement caves, mass movement caves, open joint caves, rift caves, rifting caves, rock topple caves, sliding fracture caves, slope movement caves, tectonic caves, tilting caves, toppling caves, and windypits." Halliday, Crevice Caves
• "Finlayson (1986) classified those in granite as open joint caves and closed joint caves." Halliday, Crevice Caves

• "Coastal karst areas often host many indices of past sea level changes, such as marine terraces, fossiliferous sediments, tidal notches and coastal caves." Angeli et al., Pleistozene Sea Level Changes 29
• "Coastal caves in older, harder and deformed, limestones tend to be more complex mixtures of epigene development with marine overprinting related to changing sea levels." Ford, From Olomouc 1973 p 15
• "Notable examples of light-oriented pinnacles have been reported from topical cave entrances (e.g. as recorded by Waltham&Brook (1980) and Bull & Laverty (1982) from Mulu, Borneo), and temperate coastal caves (as discovered by Simms (1990) along the Burren coast, Co. Clare, Ireland)." Viles, Phytokarst

• "The occasional tourist visiting a commercial cave." Gamble, Alpha-radiation 258
• "In the pages that follow, the commercial caves at Wombeyan will be described and their special features elaborated on." Ellis, Wombeyan 41
• "Most commercial caves are open all year round." Oldham, Discovering Caves 4

• "Furthermore two 3-4 m long leaning pseudocaves, two 2-9 m long talus caves, one 6 m long collapsed cave and one 113 m long consequence cave have formed as a result of caves originating through the mass movement of the strata." Eszterhasy, Szentes, Matra Mountains 32
• "Artificial caves...These cavities are called caves in literature or by the local people and some of them have formed already consequence caves." Eszterhasy, Szentes, Matra Mountains 33

• "This term should be limited to those phenomena that actually look desceptively similar in morphology to karst phenomena but their initial and main genetic processes were/are not associated with the chemical dissolution of the (karst) bedrock, e.g. crevice and weathering caves in soluble rocks, karren-like landforms in insoluble or poorly soluble rocks, suffusion/piping caves in volcanoclastic rocks and loess, corrasion and deflation caves in arid areas, and other similar natural features." Pavuza, Pseudokarst 51
• "..simple elliptic cavities, originated by mechnical abrasion by wind". Bella, Gaal, Non-solution Caves 240

• "Because of the variet of their genetic processes and the variety of terrains in which these caves exist (and also because of limited communication), local terminologies have arisen, including breakaway caves, cambering caves, closed joint caves, crack caves, crevasse caves, crevasses, earth cracks, earthquake cracks, eruptive fissures, fissure caves, gravity-sliding caves, gulls, gull caves, joint caves, mass displacement caves, mass movement caves, open joint caves, rift caves, rifting caves, rock topple caves, sliding fracture caves, slope movement caves, tectonic caves, tilting caves, toppling caves, and windypits." Halliday, Crevice Caves
• "Cresvasse caves under glacier in bedrock deformated and fractured by pressure of moving glacier, so-called "glaciotectonic" caves, Bella, Gaal, Non-solution caves 238

• "About 71% are lave tube caves, 10 % are pits, 7 % are erosional caves, 4 % are crevice caves and the others are multiprocess or undetermined types." Constancica, Ranking Azorean Caves 70
• "The Broumov region features all types of pseudokarst caves: fissure caves, stratabound caves, abri, crevice caves, talus caves (boulder caves), and caves of combined origin." 14th International Symposium on Pseudokarst Guidebook 2003, p 30
• "Also numerous crevice caves are known in the mountains built by carbonate rocks." Pavuza, Pseudokarst 50

• "The crevice type caves, representing the joint surfaces widened due to the gravitational movements of hard rocks (lateral spreading or fall) were developed both in the Mesozoic sandstones and Paeleozoic quartzitic sandstones." Urban, Kasza, Genetic types of the caves 43
• "Overall he has specified "fissure type" and "crevice type" caves, "selective weathering" crevice caves on bedding planes (up to 100 m long), mass movement "crevasse" and "block caves", and "combined type" caves." Halliday, Crevice Caves

• "This term should be limited to those phenomena that actually look desceptively similar in morphology to karst phenomena but their initial and main genetic processes were/are not associated with the chemical dissolution of the (karst) bedrock, e.g. crevice and weathering caves in soluble rocks, karren-like landforms in insoluble or poorly soluble rocks, suffusion/piping caves in volcanoclastic rocks and loess, corrasion and deflation caves in arid areas, and other similar natural features." Pavuza, Pseudokarst 51
• "..short cavities generally with two entrances along which wind insufflate the soft particles of weathered rock. Thex occur most frequently in mountain ridges and elevation in open terrains." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution Caves 240

"Thus, it appears that there is a continuum between piping and dissolution caves in carbonate rocks, including rocks with a mere carbonate matrix." Halliday, Pseudokarst

• "The eponymous hero of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is lost in a dripstone cave with Becky Thatcher." Crane, Cave 123
• "Long Men Dong....Being not one of the common dripstone caves, this cave is even more interesting although not as popular as those." https://www.showcaves.com/english/cn/showcaves/Longmen.html

• "Kongerati Cave south of Adelaide in Precambrian siltstone is an emerged marine erosion cave." Jennings, Man and other animals 97
• "In fact, 47 % of the caves are to be addressed as non-karst caves, another 5 % are also indicated with some uncertainty as mechanical weathering and erosion caves." Obereder, The distribution of non-karst caves 45
• "Erosion caves (or stream-cut caves) form in soft rocks such as shales by mechanical action of water streams." Klimchouk, Caves 419

• "Erosional caves in lava may eitheer be formed by waves along coasts or by running water." Kempe, Volcanic Rock Caves 865
• "About 71% are lave tube caves, 10 % are pits, 7 % are erosional caves, 4 % are crevice caves and the others are multiprocess or undetermined types." Constancica, Ranking Azorean Caves 70

• "..formed in consequence of segregation of rock squama mostly parallel with rock surface." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution Caves 239
• "Exfoliation caves are formed along the fissures, by falling-out of block along the fissures, among boulders formed by exfoliation disintetration along the bedding or cubical jointing "in situ" (boulder exfoliation cave), wide and narrow simple exfoliation underground spaces (woolsack cave), weathered exfoliation caves and small deltoid caves of A-tents type." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution Caves 239

• "The products of volcanic activity are also gaseous exhalations that create pneumatogenic caves, which include exhalation-explosive and expansion caves." Bella, Volcanic pneumatogenic caves 15
• "Expansion caves form under the crust of a lave flow, more rarely with it, but also at the contact of hot lava with moist subsoil" Bella, Volcanic pneumatogenic caves 15

• "Katherine Routledge....She found out that some locals had forgotten where were situated the hidden entrances of the family caves." Ciszewski, Easter Island 21
• "Although Father Sebastina had failded to gain access to any of these family caves, the Norwegian party under Thor Heyerdal which spent several months on Easter Island in the mid 1950s confirmed not only that they existed, but that they continued to be respected and maintained by the islanders." Kiernan, Easter Island 88

• "Secondary caves form also in lava, including fissure caves, pit craters and erosional caves such as sea caves and caves formed by stream erosion such as Kuka'iau Cave, Hawaii." Kempe, Lava Caves 49
• "Dong Tam Cung is a large phreatic fissure cave developed in the bedding of the dipping limestone." Waltham, Ha Long Bay, p 6
• "Along the Great Crack, the southwest rift zone of the Kilaunea, several essentially tectonic fissure caves have been explored, including Pit H (183 m deep) and the Wood Vallex pit Crater (90 m deep)." Kempe, Volcanic Rock Caves 865

• "The combination of a detailed knowledge of marine terraces and the study of some flank margin caves located at various altitudes have allowed to reconstruct the speleogenetic history of the the coastal plain of Cornin-Custonaci (NW Sicily)." Angeli et al., Pleistozene Sea Level Changes 29
• "John Mylroie had developed his ideas on flank margin caves in the smaller caves of the Bahamas and he was invited to visit Isla de Mona because it is a place where his ideas would be tested on a larger scale." Richards, Rio Camuy Cave 94

• "Volcanic caves (often called lava caves) also include hollow hornitos, hollow tumuli, lava rise and flow lobe caves, many moulds of trees, and eruptive fissures that intergrade into lava tube caves." Halliday, Volcanic Caves
• "Sometimes, however, breakouts from a single cooling lobe, or a complex of several partially homogenized lobes, may cause drainage beneath a stable crust, forming a flow lobe cave." Halliday, Volcanic Caves

• "Fluvial erosion caves, caves formed by moving glacier and deposition of moraine sediments, suffusion caves, constructional travertine caves, mudlow caves, wave cut caves, caves originated by deformation of rocks caused by their volumetric changes, caves originated by gravity disintegration of rocks, mechanically weathered caves, eolian caves, caves of biogenic origin, pyrogenic caves, and caves formed as a result of the technogenic activisation of natural processes are distinguished within the group of non-solution caves originated by exogenous processess." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution caves 237
• "The genetic group of caves originated by mechanical erosion of water flow that means abrading of rock walls and scouring of river channels." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution caves 238

• "Many of the towers have very old cave remnants preserved within them, and many have foot caves that are relics of their undercutting at various levels." Waltham, Ha Long Bay p 4
• "There are fewer foot caves than might be expected in such a mature karst." Waltham, Hamilton-Smith, Ha Long Bay 856

• "While piping caves are clearly tied to loess occurrences and spherical weathering caves occur exclusively in the granites of the Bohemian Massif, the occurrence of frost weathering caves, "Abrissklüfte", rockslide caves and stream-cut caves is apparently not linked to a specific geology." Oberender, The distribution of non-karst caves 47
• "Many of them are rock shelters or shallow caves that formed due to frost weathering and ice creep (frost weathering caver) or river erosion." Plan, Oberender, Nicht-Karsthöhlen 61
• Caves originated by mechanical weathering....This group involves caves originated by mechanical weathering and associated slope processes: caves in rock structures disintegrated by macroexfoliation, frost weathering caves, and caves formed by insolation and salt weathering." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution Caves 239

• "Gas blister caves evolve close to the surface of basaltlava-flows or lava lakes because of the accumulating gases which can swell up the viscoelastic paarts of the cooling lava surface crust, but this lava crust does not allow the expanding gases to escape from below." Gadanyi, Caves under uplifted surface 119
• "If the arched crust solidifies before sinking back, a gas blister cave can remain below it." Gadanyi, Caves under uplifted surface 119

• "Gas bubble cavities are formed in amphibole and pyroxene andesite near the villages of Matrakeresztes and matraszentimre villages." Eszterhasy, Szentes, Matra Mountains 32
• "Gyula Cave..The cave consists of a single 3,5 m long and 2,3-2,7 m roundish niche, which was originally a completely ball-shaped gas bubble cavity in compact andesite." Eszterhasy, Szentes, Matra Mountains 36

• "This is the return to Mulu and that paradise of giant caves in Sarawak." Waltham, The British Caving Scene 9-1980, p 23
  
• "Large horizontal systems, which date back to the Miocene, were studied through the example of the caves Hornhöhle and Eisriesenwelt, which respectively represent Ruinenhohlen ("cave ruins") and Riesenhohlen ("giant caves")." Audra, Quinif, Rochetter, Tennengebirge 154

• "Most classifications have been applied to relatively small regions. In Sweden, Sjöberg (1989b) found four types of talus ("boulder") caves: glacial boulder caves, abrasive boulder caves; one boulder cave formed by frost wedging; and neotectonic boulder caves." Halliday, Talus Caves
• "This group includes the caves formed by mechanical deformation of glacier und underlying rocks, also subglacial caves formed as glacier slides over abrupt changes in the bedrock surface, and glacial boulder caves." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution caves 238

• "We rediscovered flakefall as a special hazard of glacier caves." Halliday, Glaciospeleology 32
• "This is perhaps the glacier cave in Switzerland which is easiest to visit, and my inspection intensivfied my belief in what I consider the correct explanation of some of the pnehomena in glacières." Balch,Glacières 70
• "Some glacier caves form on the surface of glaciers when streams widen crevasses to produce open pits called "moulins". Crochet, Guiraud, Symphonie 312
  

• "New Zealand is famous for its glowworm caves." Crochet, Guiraud, Symphonie 329
• "While New Zealand is well known for its (karst) glowworm caves, such as those at Waitomo, it also has volcanic caves - in the Auckland area of the North Island." Middleton, Overview of Volcanic Caves 67
  Glühwürmchenfaden 

• "While little has been written about Sri Lankan gneiss caves, two explanations for the origin of the caves have emerged in the literature." Armstrong, Sri Lankan Gneiss and Granite Caves 283
• "Tunnel caves are a common form of gneiss caves. They are tubes with an eliptical cross-section, which may be horizontal, vertical or sloping depending on the structural setting." Armstrong, Sri Lankan Gneiss and Granite Caves 280
• "In areas of low relief gneiss caves generally occur in and around the base of prominent inselbergs in areas of high relief they tend to occur grouped together in hill sides or at the base of long cliff lines which elsewhere lack caves." Armstrong, caves and karst Sri Lanka 27

• "Basedow (1914) found stone ladders built by Aborigines of the Mt. Gosse Range in northwestern South Australia to get into granite caves in which owls and insecitvorous bats lived." Jennings, Man and other animals 106
• "Las Potras de Montehermoso is the first large boulder granite cave system studied in the Province of Caceres." Vaqueiro-Rodriguez, Las Potras de Montehermoso
• "According to Finlayson (1982), the Australian granite caves were initiated by tensional opening of horizontal of joints following pressure release when the rock was exhumed as a result of erosion." Martini, Silicate Karte 1889 1

• "Can guest cavers visit the System without becoming JVs?" Caving International Interview with Peter Lindsley, CIM 12-1981, p 12
• "A guest caver may not go underground with the Foundation unless he or she is a JV." Caving International Interview with Peter Lindsley, CIM 12-1981, p 12

• "Kungur Cave is a gypsum cave located in the Urals near the city of Kungur in Russia on the right bank of the Sylva River." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 109
• "Forti (2004) cites work by himself and Postpischl where that looked at two gypsum caves and reconstructed the seismic history of the Bologna region in Italy ove the last 1200 years with an average error of +/- 11 years." Spate, Did the earth move
• "The region contains the five longest gypsum caves in the world." Klimchouk, Ukraine Gypsum Caves and Karst
  Höllern, Bayern, D

• "It was against this impressive background that we shouldered our packs and began the long climb up the mountain in search of Casteret's famous ice caves, and the higher we climbed, the more impressive became the scenery." Eyre, Cave Explorers 74
• "In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein the tortured monster finds refuge in ice caves remote from human habitation." Crane, Cave 125
• "A few scratches with the axe - the most invaluable fried in an ice cave - were necessary at one place to improve our footing." Balch, Glacières 22
  Prax-Eishöhle, Salzburg, A

• "Tinted Cave is a complex in-and-out cave, being the remnant of old routes of Mares Forest Creek." Ellis, Wombeyan 51
  

• "Caves in the central portions of the mountain, termnating above the water table, appear to have no distinct outlet. These are referred to as "inlet caves"." Frumkin, Sedom Salt Karst 
• "The ground plan of inlet caves range between three end members: elongated conduit, chamber, and maze, depending on fissuring properties of the rock and the hydraulic head applied by flash floods." Frumkin, Sedom Salt Karst 

• "During Spring, 1980, a preliminary investigation was conducted into alpha-radiation concentrations in karst caves of the Transvall, South Africa." Gamble, Alpha-Radiation 254
• Compared with Europe and North America, Australia is poorly endowed with karst caves, not only because of its relative poverty in carbonate rocks but also because much of the continent is dry and lacks much relief." Jennings, Man and other animals 96
• "In addition to rockshelters, boulder caves, tectonic caves and carbonate karst caves developed in marble and dolomitie four distinct types of caves, Tunnel Caves, Block Breakdown Caves, Arch Caves and Network Caves have been recognized in Proterozoic gneiss and Cambrian granite in Sri Lanka." Armstrong, Sri Lankan Gneiss and Granite Caves 280

• "Since then, the number of caves and the kilometers surveyed my members of thee Hawaiian Speleological Survey and other organizations has been multiplied by a factor probably close to 100; illustrating the outstanding role of the Hawaiian volcanism in the understand of the underlying processes responsible for lave cave genesis." Kempe, Galapagos 144
• "The lava caves are found mostly in Cameroon and Kenya." Striniati, Caving in Africa 27
• "Only in Italy do we know of lava caves in early areas of literate civilization and learing." Halliday, Vulcanospeleology 172

• "Hollow tumuli, peripheral lava rise cave and drained holes: Tumulus is a morphological term describing a variety of hummocks or small hills rising above the general lava surface."  Kempe, Lava Caves 54
• "Volcanic caves (often called lava caves) also include hollow hornitos, hollow tumuli, lava rise and flow lobe caves, many moulds of trees, and eruptive fissures that intergrade into lava tube caves." Halliday, Volcanic Caves
• "Lava rise caves can evolve when the almost flat parts of solidified surface crusts of basaltlava flows uplift as a result of the inflation caused by the accumulating fluid lava under it and then the accululated lava drains into the deeper parts of the lava flow." Gadanyi, Caves under uplifted surface 119

• "Prehistoric man investigated and used lava tube caves just as he did those in limestone." Halliday, Vulcanospeleology 172
• "Lava tube caves that contain underground streams have been reported from various parts of the world but various other structures are generally more important for groundwater movement." Kiernan, Middleton, Tube-Fed Lavas 40
• "Objectives of the cave surveying is to know the lava tube cave distribution, each direction relative to the eruption point (crater) by measuring the lava tube cave position and length in the KVG area and to know the structure of each lava tube cave by measuring the height, width, slope anlge and oberserving the inner structure of wall, ceiling and floor." La The Phuc, Krongno Volcano Geopark 301

• "Lava tumulus caves evolve when fluid lava injects underneath the surface crust of the basaltlava-flow contemporaneously with the solidifying of the surface crust and arches it up forming a cupola-like form without any horizontal shortening of it." Gadanyi, Caves under uplifted surface 119
• "If the molten lava drains from below this lava surface-crust-cupola, there is a tumulus cave remaining." Gadanyi, Caves under uplifted surface 119
• "lave tumulus cave - occur under elliptic elevation of lava surface (tumulus) in consequence of decreasing of solidified lava." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution caves 237

• "The cave seemed to present much the same challenges and rewards as limestone caves - and its glistening." Halliday, Glaciospeleology 32
• "The second tradition, called Karake after the cave where it was first seen, is characterized by deeply engraved and weathered circles, and has been found only in limestone caves in the Mount Gambier region." Crane, Cave 113
• "Visiting limestone caves gives us a unique opportunity to see rocks and landscaped from the outside on the surface and from the inside as we travel through the caves." Ellis, Wombeyan 55

• "In Scotland a small littoral cave (a sea cave formed by wave action) was used as a shelter by St Ninian, the missionary who built the first Christian church in Scotland in 397 CE." Crane, Cave 149
• "Littoral caves may reach respectable sizes and are rather common."  Kempe, Lava Caves 55
• "This cave was mapped during the recent St. Maria-90 Expedition, being a littoral cave of marine erosion located on the south cliff of Santa Maria near the aeolic park of Vila do Porto." Borges, Azores 144
  Culzean Castle Cave, Scotland, GB

• "Each section contains an area map, descriptions of the main caves and a list of lesser caves and sites of speleological interest." Stratford, South Wales 8
• "Batu Caves...The main cave, known as Cathedral Cave or Temple Cave, is reached by climbing a steep flight of 272 steps and running a hazardous gauntlet of macaque monkeys." Crane, Cave 156
• "The plans of the main caves at Wombeyan include both elements: network patterns following the major joints in the marble and straighter stream passages." Ellis, Wombeyan 66

• "...Goldwater, which was found to be a tributary to the Clearwater system and would have been a major cave in its own right in any other karst area." Brook, D., Waltham, A.C. (1979): The Underworld of Mulu, part 2, Caving International Magazine 2, p 6
• "Prehistoric cave art is not limited to major caves." Galant, Another look 89
• "Among the other major caves of central Europe to be invesatigated in this century were Aggetelek in Hungary and now joined to the Czech cave of Domica." Shaw, cave science 25
• "All four major caves have similar morphology: vadose streamways with up to four vertically stacked abandoned phreatic conduits which occur at the same elevations in each cave, suggesting that they experienced a uniform response to base-level changes." Farrant and Ford, Mendip Hills 1078

• Several of his cave works are on permanent view in the Museum in Aargau, Switzerland, his most famous being of Beatushöhle, a major cave system of the middle alpine regions of Switzerland." Shrewsbury, Cave Art 
• "The major cave systems are simple and relatively linear, without the development of extensive networks of feeders from within the limestone." Institute of Karst Geology, China Caves '85 p 19

• "None is active in Ha Long Bay, because their sites have been invaded by the sea to become the marine caves." Waltham, Ha Long Bay, p 7
• "Israel...With a total of around 6.000 caves, out of which ~20 are marine caves, these are Israel's 5 longest caves." TEAM ICPM Israel 2023, 6

• "Consequently the term 'master cave' should cease to have any genetic significance, though it may well still be used to describe a main cave streamway having numerous tributaries." Waltham, North-West England 99
• "Unfortunately it has no great length, and though at the bottom they've met a large stream, probably from Sunset Hole, the hoped for master cave has not yet materialized - but exploration is not finished yet." Waltham, The British Caving Scene 9-1980 p 23
• "In one, Jambusan, 11 kilometres of passage were surveyed including two river systems and a master cave." Eavis, Willis, Dodd, Cathay-Pacific Airways MULU 80, p 18

• "They include small notches at the foot of cliffs and also more extensive horizontal maze caves." Waltham, Ha Long Bay, p 7
• "..the right-hand rule..This is a technique developed by the Moldywarps for maze cave surveying to ensure you keep on top  of all the open passages!" Loveridge, Labyrinthine Labours 44
• "Nahal Marzeva..Hypogenic cave resembling the most complicated maze cave in Israel, with mostly horizontal loops and some vertical ones." Langford, Laumanns, Israel 79

• "In the sixth century CE the Buddhist Bodhidharma spent nine years in deep meditation in a mountain cave near Shao Lin Temple in Le-yang, China." Crane, Cave 149
• "This has taken place in mountain caves situated at a high altitude at times when the air outside has dropped below freezing point during the night."  Balch,Glacières 140

• "While piping originally was described in loess, it occurs in many forms of poorly consolidated material and some rocks, including quartzite, where it transports some of the clastic debris generated in the development of multiprocess caves." Halliday, Pseudokarst
• "Because of the variety of processes and lithologies that form pseudokarsts, numerous interfaces and multiprocess caves exist." Halliday, Pseudokarst

• "It is contrasted with the infinite, 'savage' beauty of the natural caves, the 'caverns measureless to man' and the 'caves of ice'." Crane, Cave 129
• "In the second part of the chapter he deliberates more on the natural caves that are those that the 'divine wisdom' installed in the interior of earth for the natural necessities." Kempe, Kircher 61
• "The accidental discovery of natural caves when they were intersected by mine workings has already been mentioned." Shaw, cave science 59

• "There is less evidence of old network caves here than in the other group of caves at Wombeyan, however the plan of Fig Tree Cave and some of the features found in its more remote sections suggesrt that these caves were not all formed as streamways." Ellis, Wombeyan  68
• "In addition to rockshelters, boulder caves, tectonic caves and carbonate karst caves developed in marble and dolomitie four distinct types of caves, Tunnel Caves, Block Breakdown Caves, Arch Caves and Network Caves have been recognized in Proterozoic gneiss and Cambrian granite in Sri Lanka." Armstrong, Sri Lankan Gneiss and Granite Caves 280

• "At the turn of the 19th century, the sediment of the nitre caves in Sri Lanka had been exploited for potassium nitrate, an important ingradient in the manufacture of gun powder, which is obtained by mixing it with sulphur and carbon." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 9
• "Despite the lack of any apparent morphological similarity, the idea of nitre caves as a distinct group is so entrenched it seems useful to deal with them as a distinct group of caves." Armstrong, caves and karst Sri Lanka 35

• "The non-caver who reads this book will gain some insight into the fascination of a sport that provides an apt challenge for the adventurous young." Eyre, Cave Explorers VIII
• "But for non-cavers, the idea of going underground stimulates horror as often as ist inspires exploration und adventure, not least because of the powerful association of caves with tombs." Crane, Cave 13
• "It's difficult to educate non-cavers and the general public if you don't want to expose themto caving." Tom Rea on, 26

• "We should like some clarification on the following points: if cavers do not support your magazine, will you sell it to the non-caving public?" Thompson, Caving International Service oc Disservice to Caves and Caving? p 2
• "I cannot guarantee that copies of the magazine will not get into the hands of the non-caving public, but by only selling through specialty shops and my mail order the problem is minimized." Thompson, Caving International Service oc Disservice to Caves and Caving? p 2
• "Apparently our own community needs to step up and to provide more theory and interpretation of our findings that would catch the attention of the non-caving communnity." Kempe, How can we get 41

• "In this sense the comprehensive term  "pseudokarst sensu lato" should gather - in the Commission and during meetings - speleologists (cavers and scientists) exploring or researching non-karst or polygenetic caves and other non-karst formations sometimes somewhat similar to karst." Pavuza, Pseudokarst 50
• "In fact, 47 % of the caves are to be addressed as non-karst caves, another 5 % are also indicated with some uncertainty as mechanical weathering and erosion caves." Obereder, The distribution of non-karst caves 45
• "Non-karst caves in New Zealand have been formed genetically by the influence of external and internatl forces." Crossley, Pseudokarst caves in New Zealand 22

• "cave on Gellert Hill....In 1926 the original cave, which consisted of an entrance room and connecting niches, was expanded by Pauline monks to establish a grotto chapel which copied that at Lourdes." Crane, Cave 153
• "This consists of a column of limestone blocks which have fallen progressively from th roof of a cave, so that the void has migrated upwards, from the original cave below sea level." Waltham, Ha Long Bay, p 7

• "The outflow cave, Chingshi, has a mean discharge of 33 m³/second and a range of 4-390 m³/second, making it one of the world's largest karst springs."  Jennings, Karst in China 16
• "The most remarkable of them is the outflow cave Bartosova pec, 8 km north-west of Turnov; the subterranean stream flowing through it discharges 16 l.s water." Kucera, Jaskyne 210

• "The cave was found by Israeli-Czech cavers in 2019, as part of a piping caves survey on the Dead Sea shore." Langford, Laumanns, Israel 78
• Hakikar..it currently resembles the longst piping cave in the world." Langford, Laumanns, Israel 78
• "This term should be limited to those phenomena that actually look desceptively similar in morphology to karst phenomena but their initial and main genetic processes were/are not associated with the chemical dissolution of the (karst) bedrock, e.g. crevice and weathering caves in soluble rocks, karren-like landforms in insoluble or poorly soluble rocks, suffusion/piping caves in volcanoclastic rocks and loess, corrasion and deflation caves in arid areas, and other similar natural features." Pavuza, Pseudokarst 51
• "Not included, however, are littoral and other crevice caves in volcanic rock (e.g. Fingal's Cave, Scotland), nor are piping caves in pyroclastics." Halliday, Volcanic Caves

• "The Friedrichsteiner Eishöhle is a large pit cave, well lighted by daylight." Balch,Glacières 52
• "Pit caves are those where a pit or pits open into the ground, and the ice is found at the bottom." Balch,Glacières 119
• "Probably the work of Fouque (1873) - who briefly discussed lava tubes and pit caves on Terceira, Pico, and Graciosa - is one of the first." Borges, Azores 123

• "Another class is that of pressure ridge caves." Kempe, Lava Caves 39
• "Hammam Cave N...A pressure ridge cave explored by a Jordan-German team in 2009." Laumanns & Langford, Jordan 106

• "Primariy/endogenous cave or syngenetic cave is formed in running lava flows, the gradually cool and become solidified." La The Phuc, Krongno Volcano Geopark 316
• "Within the family of lava caves or, perhaps more accurately, volcanic rock caves we find both primary and secondary caves." Kempe et al., Galapagos 146
• "Therefore, presence of primary caves in Lower Permian, 295 million years old quartz-porphyritic rhyolite seem exceptional." Malche, Kempe, Backofenlöcher 155

• "Three principal caves lie within the study area." Wood, Mills, Icod de los Vinos 453
• "The two principal caves with the catchment area are Dan yr Ogof and Tunnel Cave." ACC, Dan yr Ogof 247
• "In addition he seems to have been the first, besides the local fishermen, actually to explore the principal caves associated with the sinks and risings of the Cerknica lake, including the Velika nd Karla Karlovica." Shaw, cave science 28

• "Perhaps most importantly, a hole or fissure in rock so small to admit a human body is not a cave; in caver parlance it does not 'go', but for scientists it may turn out to be a 'protocave' if hydrological or geological processes widen the cave to allow human entry." Crane, Cave 10
• "..some of these are described below and they have a bearing on the more complex theories of development of the initial'protocaves'." Waltham, North-West England 80
• "The size criterion is arbitrary and subjective, but practical, as it eliminates narrow openings, irrelevant to explorers but very significant hydrologically, that may be better referred to as proto-caves, sub-conduits or fissures." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 199

• "Furthermore two 3-4 m long leaning pseudocaves, two 2-9 m long talus caves, one 6 m long collapsed cave and one 113 m long consequence cave have formed as a result of caves originating through the mass movement of the strata." Eszterhasy, Szentes, Matra Mountains 32
• "Kis-koi Fissure Cave is a leaning pseudocave." Eszterhasy, Szentes, Matra Mountains 37

• "The discussion becomes even more delicate when we consider the many cases where "pseudokarst caves" occur in karst areas." Pavuza, Pseudokarst 50
• "The authors studied the pseudokarst caves of the inner area of New Zealand." Crossley, Pseudokarst caves in New Zealand 22
• "Of the remaining pseudokarst caves let us mention at least Cikanka Cave near Stare Sedlo close to Sokolov, which was formed by erosive activity of the rive Ohre in Tertiary sandstones, and the Nadeja Cave, 6 km north of Czikov in the Luzicke hory Mts." Kucera, Jaskyne 210

• "Tafoni...Their specification within the non-karstic cave development is strongly disputed." Crossley, Pseudokarst caves in New Zealand 22

• "In both areas, several caves are classified as public access caves." Brush, Sustainable use 4
• "In view of space and time constraints, this paper only considers public access caves in northern California (USA) and on Santa Cruz in the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Brush, Sustainable use 7

• "Among especially common types of pseudokarstic caves are lava tube caves, talus caves (“boulder caves”) on mountainsides and in stream gorges (called purgatory caves in some parts of the United States), crevice caves, glacier caves, and littoral caves (“sea caves”), each of which has a separate entry in this Encyclopedia." Halliday, Pseudokarst

• "Talus Caves...Alternative names in the literature include avalanche caves, block-field caves, boulder caves, purgatory caves, rockpile caves, rockslide caves, scee caves, and slope failure caves." Halliday, Talus Caves

• "In 2004 Charles Brener-Carias discovered the biggest quartzite cave in the world." Ayub, Geology and Geomorphology 96
• "Quartzite caves have been particularly studied in southern Africa, Venezuela, and Brazil." Halliday, Crevice Caves 
• "Typically the quartzite caves occur in mountains with high rainfall regimes." Martini, Silicate Karst 1387

• "A special mention must be made here of quartzite-dolerite caves, which are developed in the upper parts of deeply weathered dolerite sills intruded into quartzite." Martini, Silicate Karst 1388
• "Daspoort Formation of the Pretoria Group....Quartzite-dolerite caves have been reported in the same area." Martini, Silicate Karst 1389

• "In the 1980s, recreational caving was recognized as a legitimate activity in some national parks." Brush, Sustainable use 4
• "However, since the latter part of the 20th century there has been a steady increase in what is now called recreational caving." Webb, Recreational Caving
• "Recreational caving in some stream-smoothed granite talus caves is exceptionally enjoyable." Halliday, Pseudokarst

• "Coffin Ridge Cave...Speleologically, it is a relic cave, the passages are dry and scattered with breakdown boulders and rocks." Hapka, Coffin Caves 28
• "Lupong Khün...Short relic cave with very strong air current, passage under boulder collapse cemented by calcite." Arbenz, Caves of Salomi 39

• "The Dalum resurgence cave, which drains part of the plateau, was extended to 1,200 metres by the Swiss." Bourke, Papua New Guinea 22
• "Later in the 19th century two cave pieces for classical guitar were written: one by a Czech composer, Johann Mertz, entitled "Fingals Höhle", and the other by a French composer, Napoléon Coste, "La Source du Lyson (sic)", dedicated to the famous resurgence cave in the Doubs department." Brison, Music in and about Caves
• "Junee Cave is a resurgence cave in the Junee-Florentine karst area in Tasmania and carries warnings of extremely cold water in the Australian Karst Index." ohne Verfasserangabe, Gas mixtures in Junee, DESCENT (142) JUNE/JULY 1998, p 19

• "Two caves were sketched: a rift cave (Grosse Lisan-Klufthöhle, 34 m long) as well as a short and low-roofed cave formed in a bedding plane (4 m long)." Laumanns & Longford, Jordan 103
• "Striniati & Aellen limited their interest on zoological aspects and decided to coung rajagiri-lena among the biospeleologically less important caves or rock shelters, which consists either of rift caves or of halb dark overhangs." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 129
• "The lesser caves include the archaeologically important Ogof yr Esgyrn, Pwll Dwfn and Sink y Giedd, an active and immature rift cave." ACC, Dan yr Ogof 247

• "The river caves of hrusica were not to be ours on this trip." Eyre, Cave Explorers 100
• "Llygad Llwchwr...A fine river cave with a large series of upper level dry passages." Stratford, South Wales 82
• "The nearest river cave from the base camp was Cave of the Winds, which could be entered by boat, for it was right on the bank of the Melinau River." Brook, Waltham, Mulu part 1, 5

• "This pit seemed to be more of the nature of a gully filled with winter snow, than a true rock cave containg ice." Balch, Glacière 2
• "The third cave is met amidst a conclave of rock boulders where is sheltered another rock cave where the Tripitakayas were written on ola leaves by the ancient Buddhist monks." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 27
• "Other primary volcanic rock caves also occur in many different types: pressure ridge cavities, Hollow imprints of trees and animals, partings along the central plane of lave sheets, hollow tumuli, drained lava tongues, volcanic vents and there may be more to be discovered."  Kempe, Lava Caves 54

• "While piping caves are clearly tied to loess occurrences and spherical weathering caves occur exclusively in the granites of the Bohemian Massif, the occurrence of frost weathering caves, "Abrissklüfte", rockslide caves and stream-cut caves is apparently not linked to a specific geology." Oberender, The distribution of non-karst caves 47
• "Talus Caves...Alternative names in the literature include avalanche caves, block-field caves, boulder caves, purgatory caves, rockpile caves, rockslide caves, scee caves, and slope failure caves." Halliday, Talus Caves
• "Rockslide boulder caves are originated by sliding and subsequent disintegration of rock blocks." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution Caves 239

• "Salt caves in eastern Europe are also used to promote health." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities  98
• "Iran has the second longest natural sal cave in the world with more than six kilometers of explorable passages." Crochet, Guiraud, Symphonie 284
• "Israel hosts significant caves formed in the salt diapir of Mount Sedom, which belong to the longest and deepest salt caves known in the world." Langford, Laumanns, Israel 73

• "As for the sandstone caves, they are found primarily in West Africa and around Capetown." Striniati, Caving in Africa 27
• "In 1838 Lieutenant George Grey, afterwards governor of South Australia, visited two separate sandstone caves in the vicinity of the Glenelg River in north-west Australia." Shaw, cave science 16
• "This was an isolated effort and those early days saw chiefly the removal of thick shell middens from the sandstone caves around Sydney for lime burning and fertiliser." Jennnings,  J.N. (1979): Man and other animals in Australian caves and shelters: a review, Trans. British Cave Research Assoc., Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 107

• "The second grroup contains sea-caves, caves formed by the erosion of water and tectonic caves." Kempe, Galapagos 46
• "Meanwhile, some sea caves have been turned into shelters of boats, while those in remote mountainous areas were used as hiding places by bandits and outlaws." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 104
• "A sea cave is also the subject of Sir Edward John Poynter's The Cave of the Storm Nymps, first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1903." Crane, Cave 117
  Arbroath Cave, Scotland

• "Did he dream of the possibility of turning Lancaster Hole into a show cave?" Eyre, Cave Explorers 30
• "In tourist caves or 'show caves', artificial light and paved pathways conceal the subtle transition between the entrance zone and the darker zone where sunlight still penetrates." Crane, Cave 20
• Elisa Kagan from the Institute of Earth Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem interviewed two employees of Soreq Cave, a show cave in Israel, who were in the cave during a 5.1-magnitude earthquake on February 11, 2004." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 16
  grotte de Saint-Marcel, Ardèche, F

• "We are very grateful to all the show cave owners and managers who have supplied up-to-date information on their caves." Oldham, Discovering Caves 51
• "Ashford Price, the show cave onwner, has been working with his son James for over three years on plans to make the complex self-sufficient energy-wise by installing a turbine that will generate over 75kW of energy, which would mitigate the current electricity costs of over L1,000 per week." Price, Hydro power at Dan yr Ogof 13

• "Hang Co Bau...A nearby sinkhole cave  (Perte des Anglais) was explored by a British-Vietnamese team in 1995 with the survey showing 656 m of passage." Laumanns, Vietnam 310
• "Guizhou..Sinkhole caves have a considerable depth potential, and the mountains overlook karst to every horizon, while red lateritic soils at various levels suggest a long and complex erosional history." Waltham, China Caves '85 p 43

• "Karstic terrain is principally formed in limestone - a sedimentary rock comprised mainly of calcium carbonate - but solution caves also occur in other carbonates, mainly dolomite, in evaporates such as gypsum and halite and, less commonly, in other forms of rock including sandstone and basalt." Crane, Cave 23
• "The major solution caves of the Guadelupe Mountains are among the most interesting, yet most cryptic, in the world." Davis, Cave Development 43
• "Some solution caves in dissected high-relief karst areas are fractured and subsequently truncated due to gravitational slope movements." Pavuza, Pseudokarst 50

• "It is well-known that more or lesse horizontally developed solutional caves in coastal areas often indicate the position of sea level at the time of their formation." Angeli et al., Pleistozene Sea Level Changes 29
• "In the forty years between the Olomouc and Brno congresses our exploration and knowledge of the world's natural solutional caves has increased enormously." Ford, From Olomouc 1983 p 15
• "As in solutional caves, small speleothems may develop in sea caves." Bunnell, Littoral Caves

• "And then there are the sport cavers who find the setting and the atmosphere attractive." Courbon, PSM 23
• "However, most sport cavers learn that the red tape is not worth the trouble." Caving International Interview with Peter Lindsley, CIM 12-1981, p 12
• "With the rise in small and light, high-definition digital video cameras and viable lighting units, technology has placed underground filming within the reach of all sport cavers." Howes, Films in Caves

• "Glaciospeleology....They also offer exciting sport caving." Halliday, Glaciospeleology 31
• "The cave exploration also drifted towards the sport caving." Laczi, Cave Archeologiy in Hungary 153
• It's ironic that when I was fittest and had more time for sport caving there were fewer opportunities to do the really big stuff." Caving International Magazine Inverview with Julia James 14-1982, p 7

• "For a time, I was strictly a sporting caver." Paul Courbon, Caving Internantional Magazine-Interview, p 13 
• "The most recent uses are as recreational sites for the sporting caver und rock climbing, and the development of show caves, as the tourist industry realises the financial gain to be made from caves."  Price, Malaysian Cave Bibliography 6

• "It is possible that some of the network-shaped caves at Wombeyan formed uder artesian conditions when the marble was covered either by the volcanics or by the sandstone, with stream caves forming later when the marble was direktly exposed at the surface." Ellis, Wombeyan 66
• "On 6 December of the same year he paid a visit to the stream cave now called Yunde-lup at Yanchep in the north of Perth, and he recorded other West Australian caves in 1839." Shaw, cave science 60
• "The stream caves beside the lake are generally low and labyrinthine, emphasising that it is not necessary for lava tube caves to be of large dimenstions for streams to flow through them." Middleton, Tube-Fed Lavas 42

• "This term should be limited to those phenomena that actually look desceptively similar in morphology to karst phenomena but their initial and main genetic processes were/are not associated with the chemical dissolution of the (karst) bedrock, e.g. crevice and weathering caves in soluble rocks, karren-like landforms in insoluble or poorly soluble rocks, suffusion/piping caves in volcanoclastic rocks and loess, corrasion and deflation caves in arid areas, and other similar natural features." Pavuza, Pseudokarst 51
• "Piping caves (or suffusion caves) develop in fine-grained, poorly consolidated sediments such as peat, loams, clays, and particularly loess by removal of tiny clasts suspended in water." Klimchouk, Caves 419
• "Suffusion or piping caves formed by washing out of soft clastic material by infiltration or flowing underground water." Bella, Gaal, Non-solution Caves 239

• "In the same year (2004) the Ukrainian Alexander klimchouk looked towards Krubera, 'a freezing nightmare of a supercave in the Republic of Georgia'." Crane, Cave 83
• "Tabor coined the term 'supercave' - which he also uses in his adventure novel The Deep Zone (2012) - to name the biggest, deepest caves on earth." Crane, Cave 82

• "Of the 12 swallet caves on the Rushup Edge only two have seen any progress by divers." Murland, Cave Diving in Northern Debyshire, UK, p 36
• "Lost creek disappears into swallet caves many times, reappearing from resurgence caves to flow across flat-bottomed dolines." Halliday, Talus Caves

• "In my recent proposal for a summery by 1990 of the largest and deepest known talus caves, I also implicated that similar data should be compiled for snowtubes." Carroll, The Snowtube Challenge 329
• "He stated "that apart from a variety of short lava caves, some of them even forming secondarily such as sea caves, fissure caves, talus caves etc., the most important ones are "pyroducts" commonly also known as "lava tubes." Laumanns, Krong No Volcanic Park 9
• "The Broumov region features all types of pseudokarst caves: fissure caves, stratabound caves, abri, crevice caves, talus caves (boulder caves), and caves of combined origin." 14th International Symposium on Pseudokarst Guidebook 2003, p 30

• "The rock shelters have been used by Buddhist monks as troglodyte hermitage, retreats or mediation cells and serve, in parts, as profitable temple caves which exploit cheap fears and establish a sacred corporate identity that invokes ancient and up to date celebrities, including such as his Royal Highness Crown Prince Sihanouk of Cambodia and the late Premier Srimavo Dias Bandaranaike." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 28
• "Dong Tien...This temple cave is a tourist and pilgrim site." Laumanns, Ninh Binh 72
  
• "Hang Toi...This temple cave is a tourist and pilgrim site. The cave was mapped during the 2013/2014 international expedition but the first survey known was made by the Bulgarian Expedition in 1989, who called the cave "Dong Toi" or "Hang Toi Bich Dong." Laumanns, Ninh Binh 87

• "The other areas ...yielded only short, through caves, the largest being 1.2 km long." Limbert, Phong Nha, p 8
• "C9...This is a N-S-directied through cave with a 25 m wide and deep roof collapse." Laumanns, Krong No Volcanic Park 43
  
• "Hang Hai...Is is one of the typical through caves intersecting a limestone ridge in the Trang An-Tam Coc/Bich Dong area." Laumanns, Ninh Bin 80

• Jim Eyre has long been a legend in British caving circles, and had top cavers, like climbers, become household names would have been widely known." Eyre, Cave Explorers VII

• "In tourist caves or 'show caves', artificial light and paved pathways conceal the subtle transition between the entrance zone and the darker zone where sunlight still penetrates." Crane, Cave 20
• "The great tourist caves of the United States, through the National Parks Service, have heen the sites of considerable management policy and techniques research." Gamble, Alpha-Radiation 254
• "Important artists therefore have tried their hand for the creation of billboards to advertise this or that tourist cave." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 109

• "Leonard Road Cave..Thie tree mold cave opened in the Sanders Quarry but sadly has now disappeared due to the development of the area." Crossley, Auckland's lava caves 15
• "Tree mold caves form when parts of trees embedded in certain rocks disintegrate, leaving hollows of sometimes cave-like size." Pavuza, Czech, St. Helena 30
• "Lava Mould Caves (Tree Mould Caves) Occasionally, logjams entrapped in flowing lava have formed complexes of tree moulds, with some individual trees more than 2 m in diameter und 20 m long." Halliday, Volcanic Caves 

• "Frequently visited but speleologically unexplored and unmapped modified natural sacred troglodyte caves or rock shelters (temple caves.)" Gebauer, Sri Lanka 29
• "Adam's Peak Cave..A modified natural troglodyte cave or rock shelter (temple cave)." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 22

• "One of the Bovattagala Caves is a "cave with entrances at both ends" and appears to be a true tunnel cave in a "large, flat-topped rock" which possibly represents a relic hill built up of Miocene limestone." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 42
• "In addition to rockshelters, boulder caves, tectonic caves and carbonate karst caves developed in marble and dolomitie four distinct types of caves, Tunnel Caves, Block Breakdown Caves, Arch Caves and Network Caves have been recognized in Proterozoic gneiss and Cambrian granite in Sri Lanka." Armstrong, Sri Lankan Gneiss and Granite Caves 280
• "Tunnel caves resemble phreatic tubes in karst caves" Armstrong, caves and karst Sri Lanka 28

• "Most local people on the island live either in the underground caves or under roofs where the entrances are so narrow and inconvenient tht I have been seeing men entering them with their legs at the front." Ciszewski, Easter Island 26
• "An account by Aguera (1770) noted that "most of the natives..dwell in underground caves." Kiernan, Easter Island 87

• "The underwater cave entrances turned out to be the most interesting thing." Ciszewski, Easter Island 38
• "Milowka spoke of the excitement of working alongside the scientists in the Bahamas, collecting the samples they needed from deep inside underwater caves." Crane, Cave 88
• "When one considers that 11 of the 15 longest surveyed underwater caves in the world are in Florida, and that only two cave divers in the world have logged more than 1.000 cave dives are NSS members, it is tempting to claim American dominance in cave diving." Exley, Deep Cave Diving p 41

• "Bill Cuddington, known affectionately as 'Vertical Bill', is widely regarded as the fathere of vertical caving in the United States." Crane, Cave 81
• "Australasian vertical caving had its birth in the challenging systems of Tasmania and the South Island of New Zealand." Montgomery, Atea Expeditions 7
• "Vertical caving is the exception rather than the rule, though shafts of over 50m depth have been descended on rope ladders." Institute of Karst Geology, China Caves '85 p 6

• "Kempe et al. (2012) provide a synoptic list of 23 volcanic caves." Laumanns & Langford, Jordan 103
• "St. Helena...Many of them - representing "non-classic" volcanic caves - might be of some interest for the pseudokarst-community." Pavuza, Czech, St. Helena 28

• "Within the family of lava caves or, perhaps more accurately, volcanic rock caves, we find both primary and secondary caves." Kempe, Galapagos 146
  Kubler Cave, Galapagos, Ecuador

• "Therefore in water caves and in eishöhlen one finds only rarely dripstone formations, and these mainly of poor appearance."  Balch,Glacières 305
• "AA Cave (Lindenmayr) 13 An unspecified cave entrance /unidentified shape, unidentified dimensions, unidentified orientation, unidentified charactristics) gives acces to "a water cave shown by locals"." Gebauer, Lumshnong 20
• "Hang Thung Nang....The main passage is 10-15 m wide and up to 3 m high showing the typical cross-section of water caves in the area." Laumanns, Ninh Binh 85

• "The speleomorphology of the passages suggests mainly watertable caves with alternation of epiphreatic regimes." Jaillet, French mountain karsts 27
• "In north-west England, true water-table caves are only found in the low-lying karst areas around Morecomb Bay." Waltham, North-West England  82

• "Shallow weathering caves or shelters in cliffs have provided by far the most sites and large areas of quartz sandstone and quartzite dominate in this group." Jennings, Man and other animals 96
• "This term should be limited to those phenomena that actually look desceptively similar in morphology to karst phenomena but their initial and main genetic processes were/are not associated with the chemical dissolution of the (karst) bedrock, e.g. crevice and weathering caves in soluble rocks, karren-like landforms in insoluble or poorly soluble rocks, suffusion/piping caves in volcanoclastic rocks and loess, corrasion and deflation caves in arid areas, and other similar natural features." Pavuza, Pseudokarst 51
• "In fact, 47 % of the caves are to be addressed as non-karst caves, another 5 % are also indicated with some uncertainty as mechanical weathering and erosion caves." Obereder, The distribution of non-karst caves 45

• "Nunn (1984) notes that "abandoned caves have been found preserved on all coasts.." at various altitudes above the current sea level, but all of them lack a speleogical assessment." Pavuza, Czech, St. Helena 31
• "A complex of 18 km of active and abandoned caves, mostly phreatic, link beneath the meltwater gorge of Trow Gill and drain to the Ingleborough Cave resurgence." Waltham, Yorkshire Dales, England 1673

• "Extra attention has been focused in the literature on the easily accessible caves with tourist values." Ciszewski, Easter Island 38
• "All the accessible caves were short with no sign of the elusive river, but one satisfying touch was the exploration of a cave that Andy had noticed on the air photos." Brook, D., Waltham, A.C. (1979): The Underworld of Mulu, part 2, Caving International Magazine 2, p 3
• "The way at first is almost level and the visitor would be lulled to thoughts of an accessible cave, were it not for the fact that the guide carries over his shoulder a long coil of rope." Baird, Rawhiti Cave

• "Shakespeare's Cave...An active and very sporting cave offering some difficulties and a thorough soaking even in summer." Stratford, South Wales 22
• "Wavul Pane...1961 Michel Siffre...walked "25 km" through jungle and leech infested paddy fields to a stream sinking into a perennially active cave." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 194
• "The complete system continues to grow at a measurable rate since Hölloch is still a very active cave." Brändli, The Hölloch 14

• "The fundamental dualisms of surface/depth and light/dark, which delineate actual caves for scientists, are also crucial to the symbolic roles caves have played in the human imagination throughout history." Crane, Caves 10
• "This music inspired by specific, actual caves around the world ranges through many categories including classical, contemporary, folk, country, jazz, and New Age." Brison, Music in and about Caves

• "A permit was required to enter almost all caves within the parks and the permits were only issued to speleo groups that belonged to the Australian Speleological Federation Inc, the national organisation for organised caving in Australia." Brush, Sustainable use 3
• "...will be from every cave reflected
  And by the microphones detected.
  All caves neath Mendip thus will be
  Discovered simultaneously!" Alfi, Reflections 24

• "Any caver will know the difference between an Alpine cave and a cave in the south of France, an English cave and a Brazilian one, even if they all devolop in limestone massifs." Crochet, Guiraud, Symphonie 283
• "There are various major caving projects planned in Europe, particularly in the big Austrian caves, and in North America, notably in Wyoming and Montana, where large, deep alpine caves await exploration." Thompson, Editorial 3-1979, p 2
• "Whatever their original motivations, they all contribute to the continuing study of hte vas alpine cave - Hölloch." Brändli, The Hölloch 16

• "The Funghi Grotte di Costozza" was founded in 1970 in the ancient caves." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 112
• "There has been distinguished work on the weathering of cave walls and clastic sediments, particularly in the ancient caves of Australia and Slovenia." Ford, Fromm Olomouc 1973 p 16
• "It also includes Guilin, which displays sjpectacular tower karst and internationally acclaimed fenglin riverine landscapes, Shibing Karst, which has the best known example of subtropical fengcong karst in dolomite, deep gorges and spine-like hills often draped with cloud and mist....Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, surrounded by precipitous cliffs and punctured by ancient caves." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1248/

• "AA CAVE...Compare the likewise anonymous cvae at ...Haklgala." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 16
• "Wellawaya Cave....Sarasin reports this allegedly anonymous cave from an unspecified location somewhere Wellawaya and narrates how Fritz Sarasin and Paul Sarasin were guided along a slightly ascending path through forest  und high grass to the entrance of the cave." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 195

• "human skull on the bottom...The Indians topside assured him this was nothing extrodinary and showed him another cave with eight skulls visible inside the entrance." Steele, Huautla 7
• "An off-hours visit to another cave outside the lake area yielded a new species of Banksula." Elliott, Damming up the Caves, p 40
• "Another "cave" nearby was used as a kitchen - as the story tells furthermore." Pavuza, Czech, St. Helena 31

• "The untrained person who digs an achaeological cave may be compred to the person who removes and destroys the pages of a valuable manuscript." Oldham, Scotland xi
• "Kirkhead Hill forms a conspicious headland west of Grange-over-Sands and Kirkhead Cavern at 30m is a well-known archaeological cave." Waltham, NW-England 223
• "The most important and also the most divisive role of the archeological caves is the habitation function." Laczi, Cave Archeologiy in Hungary 152

• "In Italy, mushroom growing was born in 1913, inside artificial caves near Vicenza." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?)  112
• "He derived it from the Greek word "speleon" but it was less correct, for "speleon" benoted only artificial caves." Shaw, cave science 2
• "Gal Vihara...This "partly artificial cave" or "partly natural cavern" and man-made excavation, or "small rock cavity" appears to represent the only man-made rock chamber on the island of Sri Lanka." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 64

• "However, I know a multitude of other cavers; photographers who amass pretty slides; aethetes who search for the beautiful cave; others whose only pleasure is to achieve team harmony; still others are drawn by the mysteries of the dark and gloom.." Courbon, PSM 23
• "All the foreign cavers, friends or members of the big international caving community who sometimes without even knowing us, invited us, welcomed us, and facilitated our access to the most beautiful caves of their country." Crochet, Guiraud, Symphonie 335
• "We want especially say thank you to those who helped with obtaining permits to work in this beautiful cave and provided historical records and personal assistance." Hutnan, Grotta del Bue Marino - Sardinia 100

• "..when a St Kildan visited the mainland he remarked that the pillars and arches of St Mungo's Cathedral in Glasgow formed the best caves he had ever seen." Oldham, Scotland 121
• "Some of the best caves of the known world have entrance passages starting from the back of rock shelters." Gebauer, Lumshnong 41
• "I bought the best cave I started to develop the lab." Tom Alley-Interview, Caving International Magazine 9-1980 p 13

• "He went on to probe into whatever war worth doing in the big caves of Europe." Eyre, Cave Exlorers VII
• "This was in a great pit, at the bottom of which, on one side, was a big cave." Balch, Glacières 3
• "There just ain't all that much room left for more big caves like this." Doug Medville, CIM-Interview 30

• "Tabor coined the term 'supercave' - which he also uses in his adventure novel The Deep Zone (2012) - to name the biggest, deepest caves on earth." Crane, Cave 82
• "Despite these obstacles, deep cave diving continues to be popular in Florida because the biggest, clearest, and most beautiful caves lie at water depths ranging from 45 metres to over 90 metres." Exley, Deep Cave Diving p 41
• "Next to this locality the biggest cave in Szczeliniec Wielki - the Jedynka cave - was discovered, of the total length of 230 m." 14th International Symposium on Pseudokarst Guidebook 2003, p 5

• "Such hollows are found in all parts of the world and are known usually in English as "blowing caves" or "cold current caves"." Balch,Glacières 111
• "Galaboda Kande Galge...This item is possibly identical with the unidentified, blowing cave near Wellawaya or the Wavul Galge, which is called "galge" but a true cave." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 64

• "Both caves are connected to (but not part of) the famous Siloam tunnel." Frumpkin, Jerusalem 61
• "Pod Velkym vodopadem Cave and Mysi dira Cave. Both caves are located on the marked hiking trail." 14th International Symposium on Pseudokarst Guidebook 2003, p 18
• "Both caves contain potential visions that might be set free by the poet, the geologist, or the witch." Sommer, The Romatic Cave? 189

• "It is apparent that under these conditions...there may be some danger in prolonged exposure is experienced in certain caves, particularly as there is some likelihood that concentrations would be higher in summer." Gamble, Alpha-radiation  258
• "..and there are topographers who make drawings or surveys to know exactly how many metres long and deep a certain cave is (me!)." Courbon, PSM 23
• "For although there are many caves where the air seems stagnant at times, and there are no distinct perceptible draughts, still that the air is really stagnant all summer appears to me doubtful, and it seems as if the movements of air were distinctly apparent only in certain caves and not in others." Balch,Glacières 123

• "Finally, nowadays even some cold caves are used, especially in Eastern Europe for "speleotherapy" purposes." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 107
• "There are but few data from reliable observers about such cold caves." Balch,Glacières 118
• "Underground Ice Cave...This is a very cold cave with a temperature between 0-5° C." Wood, Zhang, Volcanic Centers China 126

• "Furthermore two 3-4 m long leaning pseudocaves, two 2-9 m long talus caves, one 6 m long collapsed cave and one 113 m long consequence cave have formed as a result of caves originating through the mass movement of the strata." Eszterhasy, Szentes, Matra Mountains 32
• "The Heceg-gödri Cave is a collapsed cave in the Miocene Eggenburgian sandstone by the side of the Hereceg-gödri Creek." Eszterhasy, Szentes, Matra Mountains 36

• "Along with members of the British Speleologicla Association and other fledgling caving groups we discover many miles of passages in thix complex cave, narrowly avoid being drowned in a flood." Eyre, Cave Explorers 29
• "Sigma Cave is a complex cave, consisting of old cave passages and a more recent streamway." Ellis, Wombeyan  70
• "Sri Lanka...It is in this area that the largest and most complex caves on the island are located." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 7

• "synsedimentary travertine cave..constructional caves originated by precipitation of travertine from solution." Bella, Gall, Non-solution Caves 239

• "The BSA had discovered the most strenous and potentially dangerous cave in England." Eyre, Cave Explorers 189
• "The letter suggested that because of the current spate of potholing accidents cavers should only be allowed into dangerous caves after they had undergone a training period with qualified cavers." Caving International Magazine Inverview with Julia James 14-1982, p 10

• "Send out rippling octaves
  into the fossils of dank caves....." Crane, Cave 43 / poem by Judith Beveridge
• "In Roman mythology Somnus, the god of sleep, resides in a dark cave that the sun never penetrates, its entrance curtained by poppies und other hypnotic plants." Crane, Cave 91

• "Dark caves are what they picked and ventured into, donning helmets and headlamps and carrying powerful batteries, compasses and cameras, where the darkness swallows the beam of the torch and getting lost is so very easy." Hetiarachchi, Into the 'Beast' 
• "These are just three of the dark caves the team surveyed for specie richness, food chains and food webs." Hetiarachchi, Into the 'Beast' 
• "All through your dark caves,
  My mad existence.
  You keep your boulders.." Don't cry for me Agen Allwedd, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 190

• "A little work gained access to over half a mile of beautifully decorated cave that formed a circular network of passages before converging beyond a large broken chamber from which the stream flowed away down an impenetrable flat-out crawl." Eyre, Cave Explorers 33
• "Ha Long Bay, in north-eastern Vietnam...is known for its emerald waters and thousands of limestone islands...inside which there are hundreds of often highly decorated caves." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 112
• "Lesser Garth Cave...An interesting and well decorated cave which is used by the local kids but very rarely visited by cavers." Stratford, South Wales 10

• "It is a few metres deep cave under an arched vault open to the west." Ciszewski, Easter Island 47
• "In the South African Grootslang, a legendary serpent-like creature, dwells in a deep cave in the mountainous Richterveld." Crane, Cave 103
• "Despite a virtually unproven potential for deep caves New Guinea is becoming a prime target for vertical cavers around the world." Montgomery, Atea Expeditions 7

• "In 2012 a 200-strong European caving team led by Rémy Limagne attempted to explore and map the far reaches of this vast system, now ranked the 28th deepest cave in the world." Crane, Cave 78
• "Ogof Ffynnon dhu is the longest and deepest cave in Britain and also rates among the longest caves in the world." Stratford, South Wales 63
• "We plan a trip to find the world's deepest cave in the Cantabrian Mountains of Northern Spain." Eyre, Cave Explorers 121
• "Of deeptest caves we have no fear.." Burnley Caving Club Song, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 22

• "On the steep slope macro rimstone dams have developed and are the most magnificet basins in the developed caves at Wombeyan." Ellis, Wombeyan 50
• "Rocca Rumena 1 is a small mostly horizontally developed cave formed at the foot of the 20 m high Pleistozene coastal cliff." Angeli et al., Pleistozene Sea Level Changes 31

• "The whole contents of a cave and of different caves were therefore commonly regarded as of similar age and were excavated for specimens without recognizing the need to record their position." Shaw, cave science 226
• "It is perhaps not surprising that there are different caves with origins as proposed in more than one of the above theories." Waltham, North-West England 81
• "At Groote Eylandt, thigh bones, shoulder blades, skulls, etc., were segregated in different caves." Jennings, Man and other animals 105

• "Ogof-y-Darren Cilau....A very difficult cave with an exceptional long crawl leading to large passages beyond." Stratford, South Wales 28
• "In difficult caves, where overcoming formidable obstacles is of primary concern, it is absolutely essential that the camera be of minimum size and weight." Williams, Cave photography 35
• "For example, Sumidero Yochib, widely regarded as one of the technically most difficult caves in Mexico, does not rank high on longest or deepest cave lists." Hoemann, Viewpoint 16

• "They were hoping to find a route between a newly discovered cave, Dumb Luck, an dthe known upper passages of Great X; success would mean a new American depth record." Crane, Cave 81
• "Ogof Craig-A-Ffynnon...A recently discovered cave of great interest." Stratford, South Wales 20
• "We came primarily to see a recently discovered cave rich in bones, Lion Ridge Cave (Shizu Lin)." Jennings, Karst in China 14

• "Cave databases listed caves that were clearly small fragments of a larger relict drainage system as distinct, separate caves." Crane, Cave 38
• "Brooks composed about three apparently distinct caves and Ravanalla by combining some features of Ravanalla Cave with selected aspects of Ravana Ella Cave." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 154

• "It lists all the named and documented caves located at Wombeyan and includes extensive supplementary information on caves described earlie." Ellis, Wombeyan 167
• "The documented caves lie in a band that stretches for about 3,5 km with those containing water becoming more frequent towards the coast." Middleton, Tube-Fed Lavas 42
• "Lunagala Lena is probably the best documented cave in Sri Lanka that is not a recognized archeological site." Armstrong, caves and karst Sri Lanka 35

• "In Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories (1902) Woman picks out a dry cave as a home fo rMan and herself, where they raise a family and domesticate animals such as the Cat, Dog and Horse." Crane, Cave 144
• "Near to this swallet was the already known short piece of dry cave, containing no substantial stream, now called St. Catherine's 2." Tratham, NW-Clare 20
• "The karst formation process has led to the creation of not only underground rivers but also a variety of cave types including dry caves, terraced caves, suspended caves, dendritic caves and intersecting caves." Website "Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park" 2022

• "Therefore in this book it has been decided to use this single line method, together with sections drawn to a larger scale and a detailed account of each cave." Tratman, NW-Clare 31
• "Each cave in a particular karst area is classified into one of these categories and may be reclassified on the basis of new information." Brush, Sustainable use 4

• "Most of these are not gentle and easy caves but descending stream passages up to 7.3 km long, though Steinberg did not explore them all to their full lengths." Shaw, cave science 28
• "You start obviously and sensibly with an easy cave." Caving International Interview with Derek Ford, CIM 3-1979, p 18
• "But the quality of the caving experience in the 'classic' caves such as the Gouffre Berger, for instance, or in the easy caves close to the towns where many cavers or occasional cavers go for initiation or training, is threatended." Paul Courbon, Caving Internantional Magazine-Interview, p 14

• "Finally, in a multi-level system passages will be abandoned and will collapse, leading to a final state of no connected, enterable caves at a particular level." Crane, Cave 40
• "Nothing was found - the dolines, several hundred metres across, were collapse features containing little or no enterable caves." Montgomery, Atea Expeditions 8
• "Once a flow-through of water is established, continued solution may take place and eventually enterable caves will be formed." Waltham, North-West England  94

• "Down this slope we descended with but little difficulty, reaching at the bottom  an almost level ice floor which spread over the entire cave and was formed throughout of thick, solid ice." Balch, Glacières 3
• "Hang Ba..the entire cave is navigable by boat." Laumanns, Ninh Binh Province 72
  
• "Tristam Ridson (ca. 1580-1640), in his The Chorographical Description or Survey of the County of Devon, written in the early seventeenth century, conceived of the entire cave called Pixies' Hole in Chudleigh, Devon, as a subterranean monster." Sommer, The Romantic Cave? 183

• "Secondary caves form also in lava, including fissure caves, pit craters and erosional caves such as sea caves and caves formed by stream erosion such as Kuka'iau Cave, Hawaii." Kempe, Lava Caves 49
• "Erosional volcanic rock caves can be excavated by coastal waves or by running water."  Kempe, Lava Caves 55

• "Every cave had its own name as it was used formerly as a temporary or permanent living quarter." Ciszewski, Easter Island 35
• "The multitude of bats is one of the features of the evening landscape; the abound in every ave and subterranean passage, in the tunnels on the highways, in the galleries of the fortifications, in the roofs of the bungalows, and the ruins of every temple and buildings." Gebauer,Sri Lanka 21
• "It still won't give an explanation of every feature you see in every cave." Caving International Interview with Derek Ford, CIM 3-1979, p 16

• "The products of volcanic activity are also gaseous exhalations that create pneumatogenic caves, which include exhalation-explosive and expansion caves." Bella, Volcanic pneumatogenic caves 15
• "Exhalaion-explosive caves are usually formed in volcanic cones by eruptions or subsurface explosions of volcanic gases and vapours." Bella, Volcanic pneumatogenic caves 15

• "A picture perfect setting, a week with dry, hot and clear weather and exceptional caves." Kevin Downey in: Crochet, Guiraud, Arnaud, 6 th International Meeting of Cave Photographers
• "After that, it was surprising to us that among the many exceptional caves, the greatest experience of the week was not in a cave." Csaba, Egri, in: Crochet, Guiraud, Arnaud, 6 th International Meeting of Cave Photographers 30
• "This Longmen Dong is an exceptional Cave, but not the famous cave with the same name which is listed in the UNESCO World Heritage list." https://www.showcaves.com/english/cn/showcaves/Longmen.html

• "In spite of the fact that to date there is no detailed account of the existing caves in the island of Sao Miguel, the geological and geomorphological conditions of th island allow one to foresee an important speleological wealth." Nunes, Sao Miguel 152
• "During the expedition a total of 27 new caves were explored and several existing caves were extended in yield a total of just under 26 km of new passage, taking the total length of surveyed caves in Meghalaya to 95 km." Brook Impressive river cave found 18

• "The geomorphic deductions on the controlling factors in development of the explorable caves are relatively easily arrived at." Waltham, North-West England 80
• "Perhaps the other risings have already degassed in a previous chamber before entering the explorable cave or reaching the surface." Louise, D., Hose and James A. Pisarowicz, Cueva de Villa Luz 18
• "Anticosti Island, a big island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is nearly all limestone, but it's probably not going to yield explorable caves." Caving International Interview with Derek Ford, CIM 3-1979, p 19

• "Over a twelve year period which spanned the Second World War, from 1936 to 1947, a team of cavers that included Pierre Chevalier and Fernand Petzl undertook 65 expeditons..in the Dent de Crolles system near Grenoble, which at 658 m became the world's deepest explored cave at the time." Crane, Cave 78
• "Depending on the geological and geographical contexts, the esplored caves aree either perched caves or caves close to the valley bottom." Jaillet, French mountain karsts 22
• "Total relief of the explored cave is only - 25 m." Louise, D., Hose and James A. Pisarowicz, Cueva de Villa Luz 14

• "In March 1773 a surveyor named Whalfeldt visited extensive caves near the head of the Urei River in the Kattaun district of Sumatra." Shaw, cave science 59
• "Pre-Cambrian to Cambrian limestones and pockets of cale-granulites occur in the Highlands and tend to form comparatively voluminous or extenscive caves." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 7
• "With well over 3,400 metres of passage it is one of the most extensive caves yet discovered in Derbyshire." Murland, Cave Diving in Northern Debyshire, UK, p 36

• "Martel explored America's most famous cave - that's Mammoth - and made profile maps of it in 1912." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 104
• "The most famous caves in Western mythology must be those found in Homer's epic poem the Odyssey, said to date from the eighth century BCE, which records the adventures of Odysseus as he makes his way home to Ithaca after the battle of Troy." Crane, Cave 96
• "Fingal's Cave is Scotland's most famous cave." Oldham, Scotland 54
  

• "Would you welcome a group of cavers to come into your favorite cave to leave trash all about?" Ron Simmons, Letter to the editor, Caving International Magazine 9-1980, p 48
• "Once a year we'll publish a more comprehensive list for those of you who like to see if your favourite cave is still thirty-ninth in the world pecking order." Thompson, A Note from the Publisher 1-1978, p 2
• "Now, Swildon's Hole is my favourite cave,
  And as far as Trat's Temple, I'm really quite brave.." I've been to the sump in Stoke Lane, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 303

• "Few caves were found by sheer coincidence." Ciszewski, Easter Island 29
• "Mammoth was most likely his inspiration because few caves were open to the public in 1843." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 185
• "Alluvial deposits are also confined to only a few caves, but some springs emerge through alluvial deposits that also floor surfaces ponds and overflow routes from which water temporarily reemerges from some other parts of the Eldhraun during major floods." Middleton, Tube-Fed Lavas 42

• "Pant Mawr Pot...A fine cave of large proportions which contains a sizeable stream and some fine formations." Stratford, South Wales p 68
• "The limestones of Northern Derbyshire lie at the southern end of the Pennines, and although overshadowed by the Yorkshire Dales to the north and to some extent by the Mendip Hills and Wales to the south, the area has some fine caves and a great potential for cave diving discoveries." Murland, Cave Diving in Northern Debyshire, UK, p 33
• "Very fine caves and karst landforms are spread across almost the entire range, and include the following sites of particular note." Gunn, Günay, TURKEY

• "And we'll all go together,
  Up to Yorkshire's finest caves.
  Far away, beneath the ground." Cornwell-Smith, They words 20

• "The cave of Corniale...was the first cave in the Karst ot be made accessible for public visits, already in 1633, when its owner, Count Petrazzi, gave it in administration to the community of Corgnale." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 109
• "Victoria Cave was not the first cave in the study area to attract the antiquarian, for some of the north Lanshire caves had been mentioned in this context by West in 1774, but it was the Wood, Caves on the Hawaiian Volcanoes news of the finds from this cave in 1839 that seems to have triggered off the widespread cave hunting of the 1840s and 1850s." Waltham, NW-England 183
• "Turning back to Kilaunea, the first cave to be investigated in the second part of the expedition was the Ainahou Ranch Cave." Wood, Caves on the Hawaiian Volcanoes 10

• "The team of divers on the Blue Hole Expedtion had to swim through a toxic layer of hydrogen sulfide to reach the 'living laboratories' of dozens of inland flooded caves and to collect material samples and data which promised to enrich scientists 'understanding of everything form geology and water chemistry to biology...the study of life in the universe." Crane, Cave 88
• "Istripura Cave...Brooks was lead to declare and possibly believed this tale, that the "Istripur Cave" is "now" (since 1984) a "completely flooded cave" as if it were submerged in the waters of the Victoria Dam Reservoir." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 83
• "This boundary represents the point of engulfment of 12 surface streams which resurge in the valley below from a small, flooded cave hidden away in a Castleton resident's back garden." Murland, Cave Diving in Northern Debyshire, UK, p 33

• "The remains of former caves, resembling those of Hale Moss, can be seen along the edges of these limestone ridges." Waltham, NW-England 215
• "The famous Peking Man site is located here on Dragon Bone Hill...excavation has gone on more or less continously since...in a large body of sediment that accumulated in a former cave." Jennings, Karst in China 8

• "Lubang Angin....Many high-level passages were explored, but the continuation of the old fossil cave was elusive." Brook, Waltham, Mulu part 1, 5
• "Hang Ong Nanh..The short fossil cave runs parallel to the rock cliff." Laumanns, Ninh Binh 81
• "The old fossil caves intersected by these streamways are mainly phreatic tubes and mostly range from three to five metres in diameter." Waltham, Three Counties 24

• "Other names illustrate characteristic features of a given cave: location, shape, size, purpose etc." Ciszewski, Easter Island 25
• "Then the first year after visiting a given cave, he paints from memory, both water colours and oils." Watson, Jean Truel 44

• "Wavul Galge...This "bat cave" is obviously a good cave as it is inhabited by bats to such a degree that a regiment of troops had been stationed during the Welessa rebellion (1818) to prevent rebels from preparing nitrate for explosives from the accumulated bat guano." Gebauer, Sri Lanka
• "The central strip of Pocahontas and Green brier Counties of West Virginia seems to be particularly rich in good caves." Doug Medville, CIM-Interview 21

• "Few yards further there is a great cave with a sculptured rok at its entrance." Ciszewski, Easter Island 32
• "Krubera, the great cave in Georgia, is 7,000 vertical feet deep." Crane, Cave 83
• "St. Kilda...For example Barrington records they rowed round and under the cliffs of Hirta, the great Atlantic swell making a white fringe along the rocks and booming in the great caves." Oldham, Scotland 121

• "Yorkshire Ramblers Club..Four years later they bottomed the very wet Rumbling Hole...and declared it the hardest cave in the country at the time." Waltham, Three Counties 24
• "Long, cold, wet, with a lot of crawling and ten pitches, King is now probably the hardest cave in the Three Counties - a fine discovery." Waltham, A.C. (1980): Caves of the Three Counties, Caving International Magazine 8-1980, p 24

• "The hidden caves existed as well." Ciszewski, Easter Island 30
• "Open Sesame...Speaking these words opened the mouth of a hidden cave containing the treasure of the Forty Thieves." Stewart, Caves in Fiction 423

• "The Prerouge karst spans several levels between the hightest caves and the outlet." Jaillet, French mountain caves 30
• "As a result of those discoveries in Lamprechtsofen it has become the world's 'highest' cave, and the only one higher than 1,000 metres." Kleszynski, Lamprechtsofen 37

horicontal cave

• "In the isolated limestone blocks of the Morecombe Bay area horizontal caves have been found which were almost certainly formed at the water-table on the margins of a number of poljes." Waltham, North-West England 90
• "AA Cave (Lindenmayr) 02 ..No autochthonous, indigenous or locally known name has been identified for this horizontal cave, which was recorded in German language as "Höhle beim Baum"." Gebauer, Lumshnong 16
• "Roof domes rising up to 4 m are relics of its phreatic enlargement. Hang Bo Nau is a horizontal cave about 70 m long, containing old stalagmite deposits." Waltham, Ha Long Bay, p 8

• "Where these warm hollows are genuine caves it seems proper to call them "hot caves." Balch,Glacières 114
• "Hell is described as a hot, stinking cave of eternal punishment." Crochet, Guiraud, Symphonie 5

• "..a handful of cavers..from Austin, Texas...had found an abundance of huge, unknown caves south of the border in Mexico." Stelle, Huautla 3
• "The chamber in a huge cave on Bougainville Island has a volume of 2.9 million cubic metres." Bourke, Papua New Guinea 25
• "Kazumura Cave...Unfortunately, none of this huge cave is formally protected, lying entirely under private lands." Middleton, Overview of Volcanic Caves 72

• "Even if hypogenic caves are very few and often poorly identified, the morphologies and mineralizations associated with that kind of speleogenesis have made it possible to explain the organization of some particularly representative networks in France." Dandurand, Speleogenesis 48
• "Although the vadose caves are dominant in this region, many hypogenic caves are known." Langford, Laumanns, Israel 74
• "Nahal Marzeva..Hypogenic cave resembling the most complicated maze cave in Israel, with mostly horizontal loops and some vertical ones." Langford, Laumanns, Israel 79

• "Such immense caves exist in various parts of the world, natural crypts dating from the geological epoch of the globe." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 188
• "Macocha...It is 138 meters deep and was created the collapse of an immese cave." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 104

• "It is interesting to note that because of the lack of limestone, the most important caves in som countries are formed in lava or sandstone." Strinati, Caving in Africa 27
• "Stainton Cavern..it was an important cave, possessing not only solutionally widened joints and loops but also a long 'gothic arch' phreatic trunk passage suggestive of a former high base level." Waltham, NW-England 221
• "Striniati & Aellen limited their interest on zoological aspects and decided to coung rajagiri-lena among the biospeleologically less important caves or rock shelters, which consists either of rift caves or of halb dark overhangs." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 129

• "One of the two "highly impressive caves" near Ratnapura lies in the vicinity of "Eratna", near "Batatoa"." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 36
• "The largest and most impressive cave in the Marble Mountains, Dong Am Phu, 302 m in length, is situated at the southern foot of the hill of Nui Thuy Son mountain and warrants an extra entry fee." Laumanns, South Vietnam part 1, p 40
• "Barkers Cave is one of the longest (900 m) and most impressive caves in the Undara area." Brush, Sustainable use 6

• "He wrote books on speleology and developed caving equipment and techniques tht made previously inaccessible caves accessible." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 104
• "Miocene Jaffna Limestones are exposed on quite a large percentage of the land surface but appears to form mostly inaccessible caves hidden underground in the vadose and phreatic zones." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 7
• "Krem Quarry U Theh....No cave name hat existed before the inaccessible cave was unexpectedly intersected in the cours of limestone quarry activities." Gebauer, Lumshnong 120

• "But in speleological discourse, this limited view gradually gave way in the middle and later decades of the twentieh century to a more holistic view of caves as fragments of larger systems: 'individual caves' were reconceived 'as simple puzzle pieces of a larger master drainage system.'" Crane, Cave 39
• "Using this criteria we have assigned relative maturity levens to the individual caves with the Tunel del Estero being the least developed and the Cueva del Cascajo as the most developed." Kempe, Galapagos 160
• "Individual caves vary daily." Gamble, Alpha-radiation 258

• "They were doing that on the island's surface mainly along the coast as well as in the underground labyrinth of innumerable caves, caverns and grottoes." Ciszewski, Easter Island 51
• "Innumerable caves were completely cleared of their archaeological levels and some of the details of the stratigraphy and finds were recorded." Waltham, NW-England 183

• "Some of the most insignificant caves have the longest histories, whilst one of the longst and most sporting caves - Jeanie Barries' may be dismissed in a few lines." Oldham, Scotland iii
• "Its 25 m entrance shaft has been known of since the early part of the century, but atthat time it led to only a small, rather insignificant cave." Downey, Lechuguilla 21

• "The most interesting caves for us are the ones turned into mass or family burial mounds." Ciszewski, Easter Island 40
• "Slambri Ddu...An interesting cave consisting mainly of a huge chamber lying just below the surface of the moor." Stratford, South Wales 22
• "Unfortunately, we had to leave a couple of leads for other trips, but these trips will undoubtedly be forthcoming as the discovery of such an interesting cave in an area hitherto relatively unknown will prompt the organization of larger trips for longer periods in the field." Kay, Capricorn Tower 44

• "Further, the characteristics of karstic caves and karstic hydrology long rendered them of disproportionate importance in the lives of individuals, nations and cultures." Halliday, Vulcanospeleology 172
• "It forms an up to now singular cave type, not only pirating the stream of a neighboring valley but also featuring sumps and chutes where the water moves upward, similar to the water flow in karstic caves under phreatic conditions."  Kempe, Lava Caves 55
• "It now only pirates the tributaries of a parallel valley but it also forma a servies of sumps and chutes where the water moves upwards, similar to karstic caves under phreativ conditions." Kempe, Volcanic Rock Caves 866

• "There had been a short-lived group in Switzerland as early as the 1860s but its interests had been very local and its activities were evidently limited to visiting known caves." Shaw, cave science 246
• "Foot refers to himself as 'searching almost every known cave.'" Tratham, NW-Clare 15
• "Henning Valley Cave initially transmitted a stream which resurged somewhere near the present entrance, having arrived in the presently known cave through a phreatic lift in the floor of ther termnal chamber." Waltham, NW-England 220

• "At the west corner of the mountain a small labyrinthine cave consisting of low crawls was considered not worth surveying." Laumanns, South Vietnam part 1, p 40
• "Surprise Cave...to date, 12 individuals from Saudi Arabia and five other countries have participated in the ongoing survey of this labyrinthe cave." Laumanns, Saudi Arabia 175

• "For example, in the crater of the Rano Aroi volcano there is not very large cave that was a temporary shelter." Ciszewski, Easter Island 24
• "A large cave might thus contain dry passages dating to the Pleistocene period and still active stream passages." Crane, Cave 38
• "There was one exception, the hole of Fayoun, which presented us with a beautiful entrance shaft of two hundred seventy feet, leading into a large cave covered in crystal deposits." Eyre, Cave Explorers 82

• "The second gully terminated in a somewhat larger cave, whose floor was well below the entrance." Balch, Glacières 35
• Philip's Cavern...It is thought that today's cave is the remains of a much larger cave." Oldham, Discovering Caves 23
• "Joint lines and faults are infrequent and the larger caves have formed along these at depth, where the limestone is highly porous and favours intense solutional activity." Lewis, The Nullabor Plain 3

• "From the Metraux description (1940) we learn that on the wall of the largest cave, tht is 6,5 m long, 4 m wide and 2 m high, there is a depiction of ao." Ciszewski, Easter Island 48
• "The largest and most impressive cave in the Marble Mountains, Dong Am Phu, 302 m in length, is situated at the southern foot of the hill of Nui Thuy Son mountain and warrants an extra entry fee." Laumanns, South Vietnam part 1, p 40
• "Trincomalee..It is in this area that the largest and most complex caves on the island are located." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 7

• "Complications in the latter cave such as the early, truncated calcified siltstone/cave raft deposits, and large amounts of clay, silt and cobbles on floors, seem to be absent in Lechuguilla." Davis, Uniqueness of Lechuguilla 427
• "The latter cave is a complex multi-level system formed in disturbed limestones very close to the Dent Fault, and Aygill water flows through its streamway to a downstream sump which has been dived to Lancaster Hole." Waltham, Three Counties 22

• "At the top we entered a little cave about two meters deep, by a sort of portal about two meters wide." Balch, Glacières 6
• "Giant's Cave..This is a charming little cave, and provides excellent views over the Avon Gorge, the river and surrounding countryside." Oldham, Discovering Caves 11
• "A great little cave!" Henderson, Maori Leap Cave

• "Shaw assumes that turning the living caves inot the burial sites took place after 1700 and intensified with the arrival of Catholic missionaries." Ciszewski, Easter Island 44
• "Archeologists will continue to unravel yet more clues to Belize's mysterious past in the living caves of the dead." Rushin-Bell, CarolJo (1982): The Living Caves of the Dead, Caving International Magazine 14-1982, p 18

• "False flowglove was also common torch material in Mammoth and other local caves." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 64
• "Towards the end of the 19th century geological students at Indiana University used to be taken to a local cave as part of their course and a photograph survives showing a class visit in 1889 or 1890." Shaw, cave science 242
• "The 'Transplant Mine', as it is now called, was excavated about 50 years ago in the same marble formation as the local caves were formed in." Elliott, Damming up the Caves, p 39

• "That's not many bats for such a long cave, but in the past the cave was a very large bat hibernaculum." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 52
• "Even in long caves the water temperature is still fractionally higher than the average English explorer expects." Tratman, NW-Clare 27
• "A new way to form large pyroducts was discovered last year when we investigated Kahuenaha nui, a 1.8 km long cave within the SW-riff lavas of Mauna Loa."  Kempe, Lava Caves 50

• "However they did not reach the end of one of the longest  caves and stopped at 350 m." Ciszewski, Easter Island 53
• "Agen Allwedd is one of the longst caves in Britain." Stratford, South Wales 24
• "Mauritius....Further south at Camp Thorel, one of the island's longest caves, and its most varied in terms of morphology and lava speleothems, lied beneath an unsewered village and receives direct input from cesspits and septic tanks." Middleton, Tube-Fed Lavas 43

• "It is a low cave with its vault covered with over 30 petroglyphs depicting human faces with long ears." Ciszewski, Easter Island 39
• "Some of this water reappears from a low cave just outside Ingleborough Cave, but the bulk of this water, which sinks in the famous cave called Gaping Gill, appears in Clampham Beck Head Cave, 75 yards upstream from Ingleborough Cave." Oldham, Discovering Caves 45
• "At Blunder Bay, on the Victoria River, east of Endeavour Hill, a low cave, or rock shelter, was discovered in the quartite range on the river frontage." Jennings, Man and other animals 101

• "This passage gives access to the upper part of the lower cave at station." Kempe, Galapagos 156
• "The route to the lower cave is blocked by tipped debris but entry can easily be obtained from the resurgence about 30 feet down the sea cliff." Oldham, Scotland 22
• "Then the ice sloped away again to the lower cave." Balch, Glacières 28

• "Dobsina..It is a magnificent cave." Balch, Glacières 15
• "Gruta das Torres...Between March 28 and April 3, 1991, a team of seven members of Os Montanheiros undertook a speleological expedition, Torres-91, to this magnificent cave, mapping and filming it." Borges, Azores 134

• "Chiroperologically investigated but speleologically unexplored and unmapped natural or man-made cave or mine." Gebauer,Sri Lanka 17
• They traveled to Ohio, Florida, and Arizona to investigate the constructions of the man-made caves there."  Loftin, The Creation of Underground Worlds 345

• "Many caves have their own names associated with the names of the original owners or clans." Ciszewski, Easter Island 25
• "In many caves, however, the danger is not so obvious, but the holes still pack a lethal punch if they are underestimated." Eyre., Cave Explorers 58
• "Of the many caves that feature in this major early work of Western literature, the caves of the Cyclops Polyphemus, the monstrous Scylla and the enchanting Calypso are the best known." Crane, Cave 96

• "Ochochpec, kekchi for "House of Stone", is picked as an appropriate name for the massive cave." Miller, Belize 22
• "Longer periods were required to develop larger systems, comprising spectacular tall tower fields and massive caves, as for example in Venezuela and north Australia, where the weathering was much deeper." Martini, Silicate Karst 1387

• "These processes result in the formation of often maze-like caves and occur in the mixing zones of hypogenic flows and meteoric waters within the reservoir, near the piezometric surface and at springs." Dandurand, Speleogenesis 48
• "The most unique part of Tianlong Bridge is its bridge pier, which has maze-like caves. " https://www.chinadiscovery.com/chongqing/wulong-karst-landscape.html

• "As for Bob Thrun, he wrote a nice computer programme for plotting up survey data for caves, but it was initially only intended for small to medium-sized caves - caves up to about five kilometres in length." Doug Medville, CIM-Interview 29
• "Mirpeset Cave... This is a medium-sized cave with a total length of 300 m." TEAM ICPM Israel 2023, 18

• "There are also sundry minor caves clustered round the periphery of the Clare shales." Tratham, NW-Clare 15
• "The French looked at the karst in the vicinity of Mt. Bangeta in the Saruwaged Range. They found a number of minor caves." Bourke, Papua New Guinea 23

• "One of the monastic caves contain a horror chamber..the gaudy statues of devils and sinners show the inventive range of punishment meted out in the afterlife." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 28
• "Even earlier, during the first century BC, the Indian King Kharavela recorded his military exploits by means of inscription in the monastic cves of Orissa." Day, Kueny, Military Uses Of Caves

• "Most caves are deep enough tht the amount of motion caused by surface waves will be negligible." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 14
• "Hale Moss Cave...the temperature will be more variable than in most caves and there is a continual interchange between surface and cave terrestrial fauna." Waltham, North-West England 102
• "During our cave survey in 2010, and to a lesser extent in 2011, we collected samples of cave arthropods in most caves visited." Steiner, Biospeleology southern Vietnam 55
• "There are some caves where great torrents run through them and it's a different situation, but most caves are extremely fragile resources." Tom Aley Internview p 17
• "..he lectured us on caving, his wisdom was profound,
  he told us that most caves are located underground." Wessex Cave Club Hymn, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 48

• "He could tell from the tight line around her lips that mentally she was somewhere else, a dark, narrow cave that held her in its thrall, shutting him out." Woolfe, Lighthouse
• "Wave erosion of basaltic dykes can lead to long, narrow caves such as the > 40 m long Sorte Gryde on Bornholm."  Kempe, Lava Caves 55
• "The speleogenetic processes can best be studied in Dong Huyen Vi, a relatively narrow cave in Nui Hoa Son mountain." Laumanns, South Vietnam part 1, p 40

• "Natural caves are so abundant on the coast as well as in the island's interior." Ciszewski, Easter Island 28
• "The Paradise Ice Cave of Mount Rainier were similarly visited and immortalized at least as early as 1980. These were natural caves." Halliday, Glaciospeleology 31
• "Like many other natural caves in Southeast Asia, the cavity had been transformed into a Buddhist temple." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 101

• "Some caves already explored by the Vietnamese were extended or linked to other nearby caves." Laumanns, Ninh Binh Province 10
• "A nearby cave also has the ruins of wooden ladders and wires tht were nailed to the wall." Richards, Rio Camuy Cave 96

• "In the early days of the NSS the first person to explore a new cave was in the habit of writing his (or her) NSS membership number at the entrance and at the point of the furthest penetration using soot from a carbide lamp." Crane, Cave 80
• "New caves were found also by the caretaker at Wombeyan." Shaw, cave science 61
• "The sequence of discoveries has been described but any caving party visiting the area may still find new passages by a more detailed examination of a known cave and may even find entirely new caves." Tratman, NW-Clare 31

• "The area is one of the most important regions in Hungary from point of view of non-karstic caves." Eszterhas, Szentes, Matra Mountains 27
• "These chaotic boulder piles include Bodagrottorna, the largest nonkarstic cave in Sweden, with more than 2800 m of passages formed in situ." Halliday, Talus caves
• "Most of the non-karstic caves developed due to weathering and (mechanical) erosion." Plan, Oberender, Nicht-Karsthöhlen 61

• "The caves of Da Nang, called Tourane during the French domination of Vietnam...between these marble and limestone formations there are numerous caves that house Buddhist shrines, all now used for worhip." Garberi, Forti, USI IMPROPRI (?) 102
• "In 1936 and 1937 parties of the Yorkshire Rambers' Club visited the area and explored numerours caves, several of them for the first known time, and these included Faunarooska, Pollballiny and parts of the Coolagh river Cave." Tratham, NW-Clare 15
• "It was principally a prospecting expedition, in which numerous caves were discovered." Braun, Degrave, Schneeloch 18

• "Kooringa Cave...The survival of this very old cave must therefore be limited." Ellis, Wombeyan 43
• "These old caves became filled up with gold-bearing gravel and silt, and the valley also to a level of about 80 feet above that of the caves." Shaw, cave science 59
• "In remote cave mouths they often glean a harvest of mingul, the native chewing tobacco, which grows best near the entrance to old caves and rock shelters, where enriched soils, shelter from the wind, and the higher humidity of south-facing cave mouths, enables the luxury plant to grow to perfection, writes Tindale of the Pitjandjara of northwest South Australia." Jennings, Man and other animals 106

• "Kooringa is one of the older caves formed when Wombeyan Creek cut down through the marble in the vicinity of Victoria Arch." Ellis, Wombeyan 56
  
• "Clearly many of the older caves have been modified by collapse, as their floors are strewn with blocks fallen from a jagged roof, as in parts of the upper passages of the Lancaster-Ease Gill caves." Waltham, North-West England 95
• "However, some carbonate rock was removed, exposing older caves and transforming the weathered low areas into kettle-shaped dolines, one the infilling of weathered rock was partially removed." Audra, Quinif, Rochetter, Tennengebirge 154

• "Otter Hole...Quite simply the Barrage is so economically important that it cannot be deflected for one cave - no matter how unique or beautiful." Waltham, The British Caving Scene 9-1980 p 23
• "The exploitation of one cave can stimulate whole country's economic development" was first proposed in the meeting." Zhang, Brands and geotourism 278
• "Lava Beds National Monument...One cave has electric lighting, concrete paths and illuminated interpretive signs and in effect, is a self-guiding show cave." Brush, Sustainable use 8

• "There are narrow sheets of volcanic rock formed when debris from an eruption filled a narrow solution slot in the limestone and laminated volcaniclastics formed when volcanic debris was transported and deposited into an open cave." Ellis, Wombeyan 63
• As our study so far has concentrated on large open caves, little is known about the disposition of tube-like cavities deeper inside the rock mass." Armstrong, caves and karst Sri Lanka 38
• "Lava Beds National Monument...The open caves are signposted and have tracks to their entrances and, where necessary, steps, handrails and bridges for safe access." Brush, Sustainable use 8

• "The relatively original caves become famous venues for leisure and adventure." Wenqiang, Shi, Yuanhai Zhang, Karst caves in Hainan Province, China 306
• "It is not only a matter of careful planning, perfect implementation, exceptional protection of the original cave, or a highly visitor friendly exhibition site." Egri, in: Crochet, Guiraud, Arnaud, 6 th International Meeting of Cave Photographers
• "Eszterhas....These are bounded on all sides by talus or fracture surfaces, much as in the case of karstic or lava tube caves in which breakdown has filled the original space and the present-day cave is entirely above the original cave." Halliday, Pseudokarst

• "Over the years we discovered numerous high-level passages und caverns tht soared up out of reach, to connect with other caves and inlets from the surface." Eyre, Cave Explorers 36
• "Great Onyx has a big beetle population, probably causing a higher predation rate than in other caves." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 45
• The longest of the caves, Cueva del Cascajo, about 3 km in length, war partly surveyed and nine other caves were visitied." Kempe, Galapagos 143
  

• "With the coach tinkling musically to the sound of empty 'Pils' bottles, wo roamed slowly across the Massif Central with its wilderness of limestone interspersed with delightful green valleys, and visits were made to more prominent caves...the astonishing painted cave of Lascaux where the most extrodinary collection of Quaternary art yet discovered covered the ceiling and the walls." Eyre, Cave Explorers 72
• "Grey's account (1841) of how he came across one of the best painted caves in North Kimberley reveals how successfully the native artist had positioned and drawn his Winjina paintings for dramatic effect." Jennings, Man and other animals 104
• "It has been necessary to restrict, or curtail altogether, visitor access to some of the most spectacular painted caves in France and Spain such as Lascaux, Pech Merke, Niaux, and Altamira while the exploitation for tourism of mummy caves such as those of the Ibaloi at Kabayan, Phillippines, is leading to an exponential increase in the rate of decay of the mummies themselves." Tolan-Smith, Human occupation of caves

• "Hovey....He was the first American to deal with caves on a broad scale, as distinct from the many who had written desciptive accounts of particular caves." Shaw, cave science 245
• "These discoveries are dealt with in chapters 3, 4 and 5, discussing particular caves and chasms." Kucera, Jaskyne 206
• "The historical association of a particular cave with a notable, or notorious, individual is a widespread phenomenon and well-authenticated cases are not uncommon." Tolan-Smith, Folklore and Mythology

• "There is today complete agreement among the various students of north-west England karst, that both preatic and vadose caves are present in large numbers." Waltham, North-West England 82
• "Vung Ba Cua Island has a remnant of large old phreatic cave that completely breaches the narrow limestone ridge linking to its northeastern peinsula." Waltham, Ha Long Bay, p 8
• "Abu-Dhahi Cave...A small phreatic cave formed in limestone, probably developed in groundwater bypassing a former valley fill." Laumanns & Langford, Jordan 106

• "Great Rutland Cavern....This is an extremely pleasant cave in view of the nature of its paths, which are practically level." Oldham, Discovering Caves 16
• "Clearly, many people had visited this pleasant and roomy cave (probably for many years) and some of the formatons had suffered." Skuce, Taurus Mountains 444

• "An inevitable consequence of the increased numbers of recreational cavers has been significant impacts on popular caves." Webb, Recreational Caving
• "The downside is that with bolts so physically easy to place, many unnecessary bolts have been inserted, leading to considerable damage to popular caves." Eavis, Exploring Caves

• "A south-facing, about 15 m wide entrance leads up to 9 m into an archeologically significant "prehistoric cave", which is not only "more a rock shelter tha a cave" but also a "structure" with "a drip of water down the rock..rich in calcium.." or calcium carbonate forming "encrustations". Gebauer, Daniel (2020): Resources on the Speleology of Sri Lanka, Berliner höhlenkundliche Berichte Band 80, Berlin25
• "Sanctity was proportional to spatial remoteness and this factor would certainly help to explain the decorated "sanctuaries" in remote corners of many prehistoric caves: for example, the Tucd'Aubert's clay bison are located at the very furthest point of a 900 m long cave, in a chamber reached only after an often uncomfortable und difficult journey." Shrewsbury, Cave Art

• "These crystal-lined cavities must have formed before the present cave." Ellis, Wombeyan 64
• "Deeply cut valley separates the present cave, located in the right part of the valley (Su Palu - su Spiria, Carcaragone, Su Molente, Cala Luna), from 21 km long Bue Marino." Hutnan, Grotta del Bue Marino - Sardinia 99

• "In fact, very few well-preserved caves were discovered in the Mauna Ulu lava." Wood, Caves on the Hawaiian Volcanoes 5
• "cave linings..They mainly occur in the better preserved caves." Crossley, Auckland's lava caves 12

• "Within the family of lava caves or, perhaps more accurately, volcanic rock caves, we find both primary and secondary caves." Kempe, Galapagos 146
• "Conduits that serve for lateral transport of lava within pahoehoe lava flows are the most numerous group of primary caves."  Kempe, Lava Caves 49

• "Pseudokarstic caves are natural underground spaces, large enough to enter and investigate, extending beyond daylight, and produced by some process other than dissolution." Halliday, Pseudokarst
• "In such a multiprocess continuum, no specific percentage of processes can be said to separate karstic, interface, and pseudokarstic caves." Halliday, Pseudokarst

• "If you want a quick cave, there's Diamond Caverns, it's well lit, it's in the cave region." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 112
• "Compared to the boreholes we were accustomed to, it promised to be only a quick cave that would eventually split into source tributaries." Miller, Belize 16

• "Many features in the game (Colossal Cave Adventure) exist in the real cave." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 217
• "The text relating to 'real' caves is found at the end of the Liber secundus." Kempe, Kircher 61
• "If "ice cave" is used, except in its true sense of glacier ice cave, it seems at least as though it should be so only for real caves which retain ice, as opposed to taluses and wells." Balch,Glacières 110

• "According to data available on November 2012, the number of the caves investigated in Georgia exceeds 1,300, whereas in the 1960s the number of recorded caves barely exceeded 300." Asanidze, Speleology of Georgia 29
• "The number of properly recorded caves and chasms is steadily increasing as well as the number of the members of Speleologicla Clubs." Kucera, Jaskyne 205

• "With its 25 show caves, which amounts to 1.2 per cent of all registered caves Czechoslovakia is second in Europe only to France, where there are 1.97 per cent of show caves." Kucera, Jaskyne 205
• "The number of registered caves increased from 32 in 1980 to the present number of 169." 14th International Symposium on Pseudokarst Guidebook 2003, p 30

• "Numerous difficult and remote caves are still clean." Paul Courbon, Caving Internantional Magazine-Interview, p 14
• "At the secluded western shore near the outlet of Swanley Valley there is a remote cave named Swanley." Pavuza, Czech, St. Helena 30

• "Clearly, many people had visited this pleasant and roomy cave (probably for many years) and some of the formatons had suffered." Skuce, Taurus Mountains 444

• "The sacred caves of the Greek island of Crete include several used for worship by the ancient Minoans and the Cave of Agia Sophia, which has a small Christian church built inside the cave itself." Crane, Cave 153
• "In striking contrast to the world famous rock temples of continental India, the sacred caves of Sri Lanka generally consist not of artivicially excavated rock temples but of modified natural caves and rock shelters." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 12
• "Strehlow (1970) reported the killing of an Aborigine who showed white men the whereabouts of a sacred cave of the Aranda tribe, Northern Territory." Jennings, Man and other animals 105

• "Those were the same caves where during the Bird-Man's Day the first bird manutara arrival was looked out for." Ciszewski, Easter Island 21
• "The same cave (Pixy's Cave) also features in the Hercule Poirot mystery Evil under the Sun (1941)." Crane, Cave 139
• "Discrepancies in the accounts of the same cave about the volume of streams are due to this." Tratman, NW-Clare 27

• "Within the family of lava caves or, perhaps more accurately, volcanic rock caves, we find both primary and secondary caves." Kempe, Galapagos 146
• "Secondary caves form also in lava, including fissure caves, pit craters and erosional caves such as sea caves and caves formed by stream erosion such as Kuka'iau Cave, Hawaii." Kempe, Lava Caves 49
• "Most are primary, but secondary caves form as well."  Kempe, Lava Caves 49

• "We should have a cave"," remarked Beni; "for we must store our plunder an a safe place. Can you tell us of a secret cave?" he asked Martha." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities  192
• "Whereas Coleridge gestures in this direction, there are voices throughout Auden's verse, chuckling, crying, purring, whispering and murmuring from the secret caves and underground streams beneath the limestone landscape." Crane, Cave 131
• "Cave wars between rival commercial hucksters, locked entrances, stolen keys, clandestine night raids, closely guarded maps, stolen survey data, and 'secret'caves have long been the norm." Coons, Engle, In Morrisons's Footsteps, p 29
• "100 At the very moment that Woolly concluded the recollection of his epiphany, Billy reached the point in the story when Edmond Dantès, having successfully escaped from prison, was standing in the secret cave on the isle of Monte Cristo before a magnificent pile of diamonds, pearls, rubies, and gold." Towles, Lincoln Highway 100

• "A lot of evidence supports the fact that in separate caves members of one family were buried." Ciszewski, Easter Island 25
• "Cave databases listed caves that were clearly small fragments of a larger relict drainage system as distinct, separate caves." Crane, Cave 38
• "Camas Malag Cave...There are two separate caves here, but because they are so close, they are treated as one." Oldham, Scotland 22

• "Deer Cave...The enclosed valley upstream had been tentatively named the Garden of Eden, and it yielded several caves, but most didn't go far." Brook, Waltham, Mulu part 1, S 5#
• "Aragonite has been detected using XRD in several caves at Wombeyan including Sigma Cave and Wollondilly Cave." Ellis, Wombeyan 73
• "Deliberate search for bones as in Europe led to the exploration of several caves." Shaw, cave science 60

• "There were also half-underground rooms in shallow caves with holes in their ceilings." Ciszewski, Easter Island 28
• "Mulwaree Cave....Three roots penetrated into this shallow cave in search of water and with time were encased in stone as calcite-containing solutions trickled over them." Ellis, Wombeyan 43
• "For the same reason, the Ribblehead area contains only very shallow caves; had the area been more heavily jointed, one would expect there to be numerous potholes up to 75m deep, feeding perhaps to a combined resurgence at God's Bridge." Waltham, North-West England 100

• "It is quite a short cave with a fine terminal sump." Tratham, NW-Clare 22
• "Two caves were sketched: a rift cave (Grosse Lisan-Klufthöhle, 34 m long) as well as a short and low-roofed cave formed in a bedding plane (4 m long)." Laumanns & Longford, Jordan 103
• "Waterfall Palace Cave: This is a short cave with a steep gradient located at the base of the NW-slope  of Loaheishan cone." 

• "The large outcrop of limestone each side of the River Kent estuary have very few significant caves, other than the phreatic networks of Hale Moss, described above." Waltham, NW-England 221
• "The same team also explored significant caves in carbonate rocks of Jordan." Laumanns & Langford, Jordan 103
• "In early 1972 the only really significant cave documented was the giant Bougainville system." Bourke, Papua New Guinea 25

• "Here, Titus Lucretius Carus wrote about "siliceous caves...ful of air and wind" which he apparently had observed first-hand, virtually from base to summit of Mount Etna, early in the First Century BD (Cigna 1993)." Halliday, Vulcanospeleology 172
• "In the 1st century BC, Latin poet Titus Lucretius Carus wrote fancifully about "siliceous caves full of air and wind" on its slopes." Halliday, Vulcanospeleology: History 1634

• "Another similar cave had not got the described tunnel and could have accommodated only one person." Ciszewski, Easter Island 46
• "Scott found a family group stricken with sickness in a Sydneyside cave in 1789...it was to their normal home in a similar cave to which Barrington assited them." Jennings, Man and other animals 101
• "Drainage, after pressurized injection of lava beneath a slightly plastic crust (subcrustal injection), may produce somewhat similar caves at the flow front and elsewhere in the flow field." Halliday, Volcanic Caves

• "Ogof Ddwy Sir...A simple cave consisting of a single passage for almost its entire length." Stratford, South Wales 21
• "Ikvot is a small and very simple cave to visit." TEAM ICPM Israel 2023, 14

• "No matter, it was considered to be a single cave." Crane, Cave 38
• "A single cave is known which would supply us for the whole term of a war." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 84
• "In fact, two-thirds of the guano species recorded at Wombeyan are only known from a single cave." Ellis, Wombeyan 125

• "Rather small caves called pahu served as the owner's refuge." Ciszewski, Easter Island 24
• "In addition to unexplored areas in Mammoth Cave, trips go to smaller caves in the park and to previously explored areas that need re-surveying due to errors mad in previous surveys." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 106
• "Coed-Y-Mwstwr Woods Cave...A small cave consisting of a single passage-" Stratford, South Wales 10

• "Some caves, of course, are natural death traps and any cavers wishing to explore theses types of flood channels should be as sure of the weather as they can be." Eyre., Cave Explorers 58
• "In some caves the air is dangerous due to high concentrations of carbon dioxide." Crane, Cave 22
• "The tackle required to visit some caves can run into hundreds of pounds and as most clubs have a store of tackle available for use by members this can save the potential caver a great deal of expense.2 Stratford, South Wales 5

• "In apparent contrast, the spacious cave of the nymph Calypso is a place of intimate pleasure, where Calypso the lustrous goddess tried to hold Odysseus back." Crane, Cave 96
• "In the hollow of the mountain at Laubachj is a very spacious cave in which can be heard the dull murmuring of a strongly flowing underground river." Shaw, cave science 16
• "Batadomba Lena...A spacious cave with a long overhang to the left / west of its entrance forming a shelter about 100 yards long." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 33

• "Apart from short notices of caves in Renaissance and Baroque books, texts dealing with specific caves are rare." Kempe, Kircher 59
• "The mathematics and geometry of music combined with the architectural spaces in a cave can result in a perfectly acceptable aural reproduction of a specific cave." Brison, Fingal's Cave Overture 1909-2005
• "An alternative theory, however, based on my observations in Guadalupe caves from 1960 to 1978, seems to have considerable explantory value for specific caves." Davis, Cave Development 43

• "Rowten Pot...On the original descent of this spectacular cave, the old-timers had pheasant and bottles of champagne lowered to them in baskets to celebrate the occasion." Eyre, Jim (1981): The Cave Explorers, The Stalactite Press, Calgary 58
• "The most spectacular and oft-visited cave is the Tunnel Cave at Gley Bay mentioned by most of the earlier accounts." Oldham, Scotland 126
• "Very little speleological investigation has taken place but there is great potential for the discovery of large and spectacular caves." Limbert, Phong Nha, p 4

• "Shakespeare's Cave...An active and very sporting cave offering some difficulties and a thorough soaking even in summer." Stratford, South Wales 22
• "Some of the most insignificant caves have the longest histories, whilst one of the longst and most sporting caves - Jeanie Barries' may be dismissed in a few lines." Oldham, Scotland iii
• "I don't see why we shouldn't get a prime stack of sporting caves in the Rockies and west of the Rockies, particularly on Vancouver Island, to compare with the suite of caves now known." Caving International Interview with Derek Ford, CIM 3-1979, p 19

• "Professor Thury of Geneva coined the terms "static cave" and "dynamic cave" which have come largely into use since, and which practically correspond to the German terms eishöhle and windröhre." Balch,Glacières 122
• "I donot think the term "static cave" accurate, and prefer the term "apparently static cave" or "cave without distinct draughts."" Balch,Glacières 122

• "Additional specimens from seven previously studied caves across the river in Calaveras County led Tom Briggs to conclude that tehy wer actually B. Melones, rather than a new  species of Banksula as he had previously thought." Elliott, Damming up the Caves, p 41
• "Biospeleologically this is one of the best studied caves in the Azores." Borges, Azores 133
• "Three of the studied caves in northern Mount Sedom supported perennial brine ponds at least throughout the period 1984-85." Frumkin, Sedom Salt Karst 

• "Qunf/Quanaf Cave...The sub-horizontal cave below starts with a 100 m long, 50 m wide and 20-30 m high chamber, overlying a smaller room." Laumanns, Oman 139
• "Gaal destinguishes deflection crevice caves (formed in initial or opening phase by deflection of marinal blocks), inclination crevice caves (formed by backward inclination of blocks in relation to their rotation), decrease crevice caves (horizontal or subhorizontal caves formed by decreasing of blocks in the initial phase, mostly combindes crevice-boulder caves are formed). Bella, Gaal, Non-solution Caves 239
• "Lian Tan Yan...It is a subhorizontal cave rich in stupendous calcitic and aragonitic concretions, and with a rushing underground river, at least in the part of the cave that we explored." Zorzin, Melotti, China Caves '94, p 21

• "I want to be a cave diver, to act so bold and brave.
  To dive through deep dark water, exploring submerged cave...." BPC Annual Dinner Song 1991, in: Cornwell-Smith, They words 225
• "Blowholes (partially submerged caves that eject large sprays of sea water as waves retreat and allow rapid re-expansion of air compressed within), attest to this process." Bunnell, Littoral Caves 

• "The archeology of these caves also drew the attention of Katherine Routledge in 1914, whose party "daily examined such caves and grottoes as came under our notice," but she too complained of her "inabilitly to reach the most thrilling of the caves, which are halfway up the grea sea cliffs." Kiernan, Easter Island 88
• "The rate of change commonly varies in different parts of such caves." Halliday, Crevice Caves 

• "Though I am not thoroughly familiar with the workings of ARSIP and the Pierre Saint-Martin explorations, I understand that foreign groups are able to explore the system and surrounding caves on the understanding that their findings are turned over to ARSIP." Thompson, Editorial 8-1980, p 3
• "The 'old' guard of the a950s CRF was interested only in Flint Ridge and the surrounding caves." Caving International Interview with Peter Lindsley, CIM 12-1981, p 13

• "Atea Kananda..it is thus the longest surveyed cave outside of the U.S.A. or Europe." Bourke, Papua New Guinea 24
• "During the expedition a total of 27 new caves were explored and several existing caves were extended in yield a total of just under 26 km of new passage, taking the total length of surveyed caves in Meghalaya to 95 km." Brook Impressive river cave found 18

• "Primariy/endogenous cave or syngenetic cave is formed in running lava flows, the gradually cool and become solidified." La The Phuc, Krongno Volcano Geopark 316
• "Amongs4t the, 8 % have originated as syngenetic caves." Eszterhas, Szentes, Matra Mountains 31

• "The second grroup contains sea-caves, caves formed by the erosion of water and tectonic caves." Kempe, Galapagos 46
• "Tectonic fissure caves are a rare type; examples are Pit H and Wood Valley Pit Crater along the "Great Crack", the SW-Rift zone of the Kilaunea."  Kempe, Lava Caves 55
• "Tectonic caves are still poorly documented." Kempe, Volcanic Rock Caves 865

• "It is surprising that no record could be found of the Aborigines hunting fruit bats in those tropical caves such as Tunnel Cave in West Kimberley where these bats live in the twilight zone, for they certainly used them on the surface as a food supply, taking them from the trees." Jennings, Man and other animals 106
• "This is typical of tropical caves; the cave temperature here is probably nearly 20°C." Jennings, Karst in China 13
• "The model suggests the rate of corrosion of rock may be as much as 1 m in every 200,000 to 300,000 years, or at high, bat densities up to 1 m in 30,000 years - an astounding rate that means taht, over the course of one to two million years, biogenic activity could have produced between 70 and 95 per cent of the volume of a modern tropical cave." Howes, Biogenic cave formation 5

• "If you want to see "glow worms" in a cave, you should head south of the Tennessee state line to Hazard Cave (a rock shelter rather than a true cave) in Picket State Park: actually, they are glowing fungus gnat larvae, but the name "glow larvae" lacks appeal." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 58
• "An opening or recess in the earth which cannot be described as a 'void' - a rock shelter of cliff-side overhang - is not a cave, but if its darker pockets contain mineral formations typical of a "true cave", or provide habitat for organisms which populate caves, it may be described as a 'borderline cave.'" Crane, Cave 10
• "Out of the more than 220 "caves" (including true caves and so-called "caves" or rock shelters, etc.) which have been reported from Sri Lanka, I am aware of only seven or eight caves and rock shelters that have been "surveyed" to a degree resulting a ground plan, sections ets." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 14

• "One of the reasons for this general lack of attention may have been the question of accessibibility but even more so the term lava tube may have suggested 'tubular cave' of little morphological variety and interest." Kempe, Volcanic Rock Caves 865
• "Ochozska cave is a typical tubular cave (made by running water) and has beautiful dripstone decoration in places." Kucera, Jaskyne 207
• "Even fragmented tubular caves in Oligocene lava in southern Bulgaria have been recognized as lava tube caves only recently." Halliday, Volcanospeleology: History 1636

• "There are no two caves alike." Oldham, Discovering Caves 4
• "Until 1979, Banksula melones was known only from two caves: McLean's Cave, which will be flooded, and McNamee's Cave, which is in a private quarry and will be destroyed eventually." Elliott, Damming up the Caves, p 38
• "It would be ten years before they knew that these two caves were part of the same system, the Rio Camuy Cave System." Richards, Rio Camuy Cave 93

• "Up to 1976, however, these were two separate unconnected caves with about seven kilometres in Friar's Hole and about five kilometres surveyed in Snedegar's And Cruikshank caves." Doug Medville, CIM-Interview 22
• "Hang Khe Rhy is a cave with several sinkhole entrances and belongs to the hydrologically unconnected caves." Laumanns, Vietnam 309

• "For karst scientists William B. White, perhaps the greatest contribution American cavers have made to karst hydrology is not discovery per se, but the development and promotion in the second half of the twentieth century, of a 'map-as-you-go' ethic for trips into unexplored caves." Crane, Cave 81
• "Against the background of China's huge karst area, vast number of unexplored caves and expanding karst research, China Caves 85 was a natural development." Institute of Karst Geology, China Caves '85 p 12

• "Kusch (1984c) had not heared ot three caves but also compiled the names of 16 rock shelter sites...unidentified "caves" on the way to Ramboda Pass, Sigiriya and Tantirimalai." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 15
• "Krem Umpyrta, Wahiajer...An unidentified cave calles "Krem Umpyrta", misprinted "Krem Umpyrti", seems to be a seasonally active stream cave." Gebauer,  Lumshnong 148

• "At first, the settlers who found Mammoth Cave in the late 1700s thought they discovered a previously unknown cave." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 71
• "In Switzerland, a sudden flood burst from a large, previously unknown cave in the Tête Rousse Glacier and killed some 150 sleeping villagers." Halliday, Glaciospeleology  31
• "..a handful of cavers..from Austin, Texas...had found an abundance of huge, unknown caves south of the border in Mexico." Stelle, Huautla 3

• "The next unnamed cave is 5x4x2 m big." Ciszewski, Easter Island 49
• "This social satire about greed and materialism is told from the unusual perspective of a handkerchief. Cooper, best known for his novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826), mentions unnamed Kentucky caves in this less-well-known work." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 185

• "The bats that live in unprotected caves in Puerto Rico reduce insect populations and increase biodiversity in the forest by spreading seeds and pollen." Richards, Rio Camuy Cave 97
• "Cave of Antiparos...This once-great cave remains a sad monument to the impact of fame on unprotected caves everywhere." Halliday, Caves in History: The Eastern 429

• "Entrance to Glass Cave, an unroofed cave in the making." Ellis, Wombeyan 62
• "South China Karst...includes the stone forests of Shilin, superlative natural phenomena which include the Naigu stone forest occurring on dolomitic limestone and the Suyishan stone forest...and exceptionally high natural bridges between them, with long stretches of deep unroofed caves." https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1248/

• "The general color effect of all this upper cave is white, although there is some blue in the ice, and gray and brown in the rocks and shadows." Balch, Glacières 16
• "The smaller of the upper caves contained lone bats and large empty snail shells." Skuce, Taurus Mountains 444

• "There is today complete agreement among the various students of north-west England karst, that both preatic and vadose caves are present in large numbers." Waltham, North-West England 82
• "Of these, Warren Shaft is the largest vadose cave, and the Gihon Spring Cave is the largest phreatic cave." Frumpkin, Jerusalem 61
• "Although the vadose caves are dominant in this region, many hypogenic caves are known." Langford, Laumanns, Israel 74

• "Robin Hood, perhaps the most famous of all legendary outlaws, is said to have taken refuge on several occasions in a cave, and nowadays various caves, each supposedly the site of his temporary hide-out, bear his name." Crane, Cave 104
• "There are a number of single-person entries on a given date in various caves, but in all cases checked, it turned out that only one person in a group signed the register." Wilson, Solo Cave Myth 20
• Mud balls...They may be the muddy equivalent of the calcite balls reported by others from various caves." Tratman, NW-Clare 88

• "In this vast cave we must have looked more like insects than human beings." McFarlane, Underland 195
• "The first (wonder) I meet in my way,
  is a vast cave, which the old people say,
  One Poole an outlaw made his residence.." Charles Cotton (1683) The Wonders of the Peak
• "Casteret...Never again shall I celebrate such a Mass in a setting that was so closely united to the Divine Sacrament.. In this vast cave we must have looked more like insects than human beings." MacFarlane, Underland 195 

• ""Bill Cuddington, known affectionately as 'Vertical Bill', is widely regarded as the fathere of vertical caving (descending and ascending vertical caves on ropes) in the United States." Crane, Cave 81
• "Despite the obvious limitations by poor equipment, techniques and the general infant state of Soviet speleology at that time, the Georgian researchers explored several vertical caves to a depth of -250 m and pointed out the considerable depth potential of the area." Klimchou, Kubera 25
• "Victoria Aven - the finest vertical ave in Derbyshire" Proudlove, Peak Cavern 5

• "Similarly, Dino and I hold the record for the deepest penetration by women while on a push exploring virgin cave when we reached a depth of -812 m (without camping) in Li Nita." Jill Dorman, Letter to the Editor, Caving Internatiional Magazine 9-1980, p 48
• "Exploring a truly 'virgin' cave in Beliize is a rare experience, but so much time has passed since the previous explorations that I tend almost to view evidence of the Maya as natural features of the cave." Miller, Belize 16
• "Most people go for the new areas - the virgin cave - the major trunk passages - the unknown." Caving International Interview with Peter Lindsley, CIM 12-1981, p 11

• "These central caves are not the only virtual caves." Kempe, Kircher 61
• "In addition to that, it also contained virtual caves like those of hell or other religious fictions." Kempe, Kircher 61

• "Erosion is present in several of the visited caves." Kempe, Galapagos 151
• "Gough's Cave....This is the most visited cave in Great Britain." Oldham, Discovering Caves 31
• "It is probably one of the most visited caves in West Virginia, and while practically everyone who goes in goes to the Historic part, because it is large and dry, thers is quite a bit of cave beyond a pool of water about 800 metres in, and that's where the most recent discoveries have been made in this cave." Doug Medville, CIM-Interview 22

• For those researchers seeking to understand what happens during the formation of volcanic caves and the processes that are responsible for their formation and enlargement, much appears still to belearned." Kempe, Galapagos 144
• "On Reunion, at least one volcanic cave was reported in 1769, with a more detailed consideration by Bory de St. Vincent in 1801 und studies by LaCroix in 1936." Halliday, Vulcanospeleology 173
• "Volcanic caves (lava caves) are preciously geological heritage resource that has been studied und conserved in many countries for centuries." La The Phuc, Krongno Volcano Geopark 299

• "Not only are caves off the map of everyday life, the dark depths of caves - especially water-filled caves - extend well beyound the reach of even the most determined explorers." Crane, Cave 12
• "Further north and east, where the Great Scar Limestone is more deeply buried, the underground water circulation must be entirely phreatic and large water-filled caves have been found by deep boreholes beneath Grassington Moor." Waltham, North-West England 87
• "Tidal Well...The second drilling broke into the water-filled cave, the bottom of which has not been possible to reach." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 178

• "On the northern tip of the island, the barren Jaffna peninsula has a low-level doline karst containing many small shafts and a few short, well-decorated caves, while tidal shafts have been explored." Gebauer, Sri Lanka 7
• "Exceptions are the extremely well-decorated caves intersected by Fairy Cave Quarry and the Stoke Lane Stocker system with its active streamway and large relict chambers." Farrant and Ford, Mendip Hills 

• "Gut Hole..A well known cave but of little interest to the sporting caver." Stratford, South Wales 75
• "Apart from Fingals Cave there are a number of other well-known caves on the island, including Clamshell Cave, Goat Cave, Boat Cave, McKinnons Cave and Cormorans Cave, the last two of which are linked." Mills, Fingals Cave 164
• "The find is also important because it tells us that there are still many things to be found even in well-known caves or karst areas such as the Karst plateau." Mihevc, Bestaovca Cave 158

• "It is no mean feat to have surveyed to CRG grade 4 over 30 miles of passages in these very wet caves." Tratham, NW-Clare 22
• "Depending on the groundwater level, the volcanic caves are divided into two types, dry and wet caves...the wet type is below the groundwater level, normally soaked with water." La The Phuc, Krongno Volcano Geopark 304
• "The Nikonos has found wide acceptance among those who specialize in very wet caves requiring swimming, climbing through waterfalls, and dealing with heavy mist and fog." Williams, Cave photography 35

• "She felt as if the whole cave was shaking, but she says it might have been only the concrete platform." O'Connor Olson, Colleen, Mammoth Cave Curiosities 16
• "Deer Cave...Because of its vast size, daylight penetrates virtually the whole cave, which simplifies navigation." Brook, Waltham, Mulu part 1, 3
  
• "The entrance to the cave is so large that plenty of daylight is admitted, and the whole cave easily examined." Balch, Glacières 11

• "The entrance zone..open entrance in a forested valley - is the furthest most people will ever venture into 'wild caves'." Crane, Cave 20
• "Some of these wild caves have been developed and shown to tourists in the past, others have never been developed." Ellis, Wombeyan 51
• "It remains essentially a wild cave, with some modest infrastructure for its use as an 'adventure cave', although DOC does not currently run tours there - it is an 'open access' cave." Baird, Rawhiti Cave

• "The retrace our steps up his majesty's stairway and along to the entrance is easy work; and then there comes the most wonderful of all the sights of this wonderful cave, a vision which well illustrates the meaning of the title 'Sunshine Cave." Baird, Rawhiti Cave
• "We were well fed, supported in every way and given access to world class wonderful caves." Kevin Downey in: Crochet, Guiraud, Arnaud, 6 th International Meeting of Cave Photographers

• "While the Cyclops'cave is both a comfortable abode and a place of cannibal atrocity, the lair of the six-headed monster Scylla is a 'fog-bound cavern', a 'yawning cave', a 'terrifying pit'." Crane, Cave 96
• "In Shelley's poetry a cavern may 'yawn', 'respond and roar', 'moan' and have tongues: "black gulfs and yawning caves, / Whose windings gave ten thousand various tongures / To the loud stream...", or, "The tongueless Caverns of the craggs hills / Cried, 'Misery!" then"." Sommer, Thr Romantic Cave? 188